Chapter 4

Question 1

socialization

Answer 1

the process by which individuals internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of a given society and learn to function as members of that society

Question 2

self

Answer 2

the individual identity of a person as perceived by that same person

Question 3

i

Answer 3

one’s sense of agency, action, or power

Question 4

me

Answer 4

the self as perceived as an object by the “I”; the self as one imagines others perceive one

Question 5

other

Answer 5

someone or something outside of oneself

Question 6

generalize other

Answer 6

an internalized sense of the total expectations of others in a variety of settings—regardless of whether we’ve encountered those people or places before

Question 7

resocialization

Answer 7

the process by which one’s sense of social values, beliefs, and norms are reengineered, often deliberately, through an intense social process that may take place in a total institution

Question 8

total institution

Answer 8

an institution in which one is totally immersed and that controls all the basics of day-to-day life; no barriers exist between the usual spheres of daily life, and all activity occurs in the same place and under the same single authority

Question 9

status

Answer 9

a recognizable social position that an individual occupies

Question 10

role

Answer 10

the duties and behaviors expected of someone who holds a particular status

Question 11

role strain

Answer 11

the incompatibility among roles corresponding to a single status

Question 12

role conflict

Answer 12

the tension caused by competing demands between two or more roles pertaining to different statuses

Question 13

status set

Answer 13

all the statuses one holds simultaneously

Question 14

ascribed status

Answer 14

a status into which one is born; involuntary status

Question 15

master status

Answer 15

one status within a set that stands out or overrides all others

Question 16

gender role

Answer 16

sets of behavioral norms assumed to accompany one’s status as male or female

Question 17

symbolic interactionism

Answer 17

a micro-level theory in which shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions form the basic motivations behind people’s actions

Question 18

dramaturgical theory

Answer 18

the view (advanced by Erving Goffman) of social life as essentially a theatrical performance, in which we are all actors on metaphorical stages, with roles, scripts, costumes, and sets

Question 19

face

Answer 19

the esteem in which an individual is held by others

Question 20

ethnomethodology

Answer 20

literally “the methods of the people”; this approach to studying human interaction focuses on the ways in which we make sense of our world, convey this understanding to others, and produce a shared social order

Question 21

concerted cultivation

Answer 21

structuring children’s time with formal activities, often, this means that children learn how to interact with adults, follow rules, and manage schedules