Chapter 6 Flashcards
Describe the open classroom
The room is set up with learning areas. Each area is separated with some type of object and equipped with a variety of learning materials. The teachers spend their time with individuals and groups.
Describe the free school
The free school was a “revolt from a public education that cannot provide the proper conditions for humanistic education because of its custodial (baby-sitting) and indoctrination functions.” Most of them were quite small and have not lasted very long. “All of them seek to develop ‘free children,’ who will be independent and courageous people able to deal with the changing complexities of the modern world.”
Describe the “school without failure”
William Glasser proposed the Schools without Failure. It was designed to be a warm and nonthreatening environment to meet the students’ need for love and a sense of self-worth. Each student is individually responsible for achieving self-worth.
Explain critical pedagogy and how it relates to multiculturalism, feminism, and globalism
In critical pedagogy, knowledge is power. Multiculturalism gives a voice to minorities. “Multiculturalism is a call for minority voices to be unleased so that their story becomes a part of a shared heritage. Beyond that, multicultural education is a move to correct the social, economic, and political injustices of the past.” Feminism gives a voice to women. The number of studies on women has increased as well is the number of women involved in the educational power structure. Globalism is an attempt to unite different cultural and political units. It is also an attempt to unite the nations.
What was the dominant theory in education from 1920-1950?
Progressivism
Progressivism was a movement in America life in what centuries?
Late 19th and early 20th
Progressivism arose as a definite reaction against what?
Traditional education of formal methods of instruction, mental learning, and the literary classics
Name the three key thinkers of Progressivism
John Dewey, Sigmund Freud, Jean-Jacques Rousseau
What theories of Freud influenced progressivism?
Self-expression among children and a more open learning environment
How did Rousseau’s Emile influence Progressivism?
Opposed the interference of adults in establishing the learning goals of children
Progressives were united in their opposition to what beliefs?
- the authoritarian teacher
- heavy reliance on textbooks for instruction
- passive learning by memorization of information
- the isolation of education from social reality
- the use of fear or physical punishment as discipline
In Progressive education, what is the role of the student?
- The child is at the focal point of school
- Children’s interests are the natural starting point for the learning experience
- pupils are active rather than passive
Describe the curriculum of progressive education
Developed from student’s needs and interests
What is the teacher’s role in Progressive education?
- advisor and guide rather than that of an authoritarian and director
- should help students learn how to lean by themselves, so that they will develop into self-sufficient adults in a changing environment
Describe class activities of Progressive education
Should focus on problem solving rather than on artificial methods of teaching subject matter
Describe the social atmosphere of progressive education.
- cooperative and democratic
- lack of an emphasis on competition
Educational humanism adopted most of what principles?
Progressive
Educational humanism was an increased focus on what?
The individual child
Educational humanism desired to create what kind of learning environment?
An environment that is free from intense competition, harsh discipline, and the fear of failure
Educational humanism tried to create what between teacher and student?
Educational relationships
According to Educational Humanism, what was the fundamental purpose of education?
Self-actualization rather than mastery of knowledge
When did perennialism arise?
1930s
Perennialism advocated what?
A return to absolutes and the focus on the importance of mind, reason, and the great works of the intellectual past
What kind of curriculum did perennialism emphasize and why?
Liberal arts curriculum in traditional education; all people needed a liberal ares education so that they could think and communicate rather than merely training to complete a task.
Who were the two key thinkers of perennialism?
Robert Hutchins, Mortimer Adler
What did the two key thinkers of perennialism compile?
Great books of the Western World
What did the perennialism principles say about people?
They are rational animals. Therefore, focus education in the rational aspect of people.
Who said this: “one thing is essential to becoming human, and that is learning to use the mind”
Hutchins
What do perennialist principles say about human nature?
It is universally consistent; therefore education should be the same for everyone
What do perennialist principles say about knowledge?
It is universally consistent; therefore, there are certain basic subject matters that should be taught to all people.
According to Perennialsim, education should adjust students to what?
The truth
The curriculum of perennialism should focus on what?
Educating the intellect to grasp and understand the essential and eternal truths that relate to the individuals in human society
What was the perennialist view of the great works?
- they are a repository of knowledge and wisdom which has stood the test of time and is relevant in our day
- a classic is a work relevant to every age, and is superior to culture’s lesser works
- the study of great works is imperative
The perennialist principles says the educational experience is a preparation for _, rather than a _.
Life; real-life situation
What forms the mainstream of popular educational thoughts in most countries, including the U.S.?
Essentialism
What are the two underlying philosophies of essentialism?
Idealism and realism
What was essentialism concerned with?
Transmitting tested facts and truth
Essentialism is critical of what type of educational influence?
Progressive
Who stated this “The men who drafted our constitution were not trained for the task by field trips to the mayor’s office and the county jail”
Bestor
What two statements were made in the 1983 study on “A Nation at Risk”
- report warned that the educational foundations are being eroded by mediocrity
- recommended new high school graduation requirements
According to essentialism, what is the schools first task?
Teach basic know,edge
According to essentialism, students should master basic skills and subject matter to be prepared to function as what?
A member of civilized society
According to essentialism, schools should focus on teaching what rather than what?
Core curriculum fundamental to all children; nonessentials
What does essentialism say about learning as hard work and requiring discipline?
- not all subject matter can be divided into problems and projects
- memorization and drill are essential in some areas
- effort is more important than interest, and students need discipline to focus their attention to work
Essentialist were outraged by what?
So many high-school graduates are illiterate
Describe the role of the teacher in essentialism
- not a fellow learner or guide
- knows the curriculum, what the students need to succeed, and how the material should be presented
- should be respected
Name 4 similarities of essentialism and Perennialsim.
- authority of the teacher
- teaching a prescribed body of subject matter
- effort, discipline, and self-control in the learning process
- continuity to the curriculum and learning
Describe three differences of essentialism and perennialism
- essentialism is less concerned with the supposedly eternal truths (intellectualism) than perennialism
- essentialism is more willing to take ideas of progressivism
- perennialists place much more emphasis on the great works. Essentialist see the great works as on of many possible sources of study
Who was the key thinker of deconstructionism?
George Counts
What did George Counts call for?
The educational profession to organize from the kindergarten through the university’s and to use its power in the interests of the great masses of the people
The influence of deconstructionism was a reversal from what?
The school being a passive transmitter of the culture to being an active and leading agency of societal reform
What is the philosophical base of reconstructionism?
Pragmatism
What does reconstructionism say about world society?
It is in a state of crisis and civilization as we know it will come to an end unless current practices are reversed
According to reconstructionism, what is the only effective solution to world problems?
The creation of a planetary social order - total cooperation by all nations is the only hope for a dynamic world population living in a finite world with limited amounts of irreplaceable resources
According to reconstructionism, what would be a major agent in the reconstruction of the social order?
Formal education; the school can be a primary instigator of insight into social problems and a foremost agitator for social change
In reconstructionism, teaching methods must be based on what?
Democratic principles that rely upon the native intelligence of the majority to recognize and act upon the most valid solution to the world’s problems
Reconstructionism says that in order for education to be a part of the social solution in the present world crisis, it must do what?
it must actively teach for social change
What are the ideological roots of behaviorism?
Philosophical realism, positivism, materialism
Name the three key thinkers of behaviorism
Ivan Pavlov, John Watson, B.F. Skinner
Reflex reaction
Ivan Pavlov
Father of Modern Behaviorism
John Watson
Most influential behaviorist in respect to education
B.F. Skinner
Why was B.F. controversial?
He repudiates the freedom and dignity traditionally ascribed to human beings and seems to indicate that some individuals should decide how others will be conditioned.
Behaviorism is deeply embedded in the presuppositions of what?
Naturalistic science
How do behaviorists view human beings?
- as highly developed animals who learn in the same way that other animals learn
- humans do not have any special dignity or freedom
- primarily part of the animal kingdom
According to behaviorist, education is a process of what?
Behavioral engineering
In Behaviorism what is the teacher’s role?
To create an effective learning environment
In behaviorism, what is the key to creating an effective learning environment?
Positive reinforcement
What are the 4 central value considerations in behaviorist education?
Efficiency, economy, precision, and objectivity
Describe the de schooling proposal
Calls for the disestablishment of the school and the repeal of compulsory education laws
Describe the home schooling movement
- continued growth over the last 25 years
- one if the nation’s fastest growing educational segments
The theories in chapter 6 have been stimulated by what rather than what?
Educational problems; philosophic issues
Describe the inadequate view of human nature that most educational (if not all) theories are built upon.
- humanity is potentially able to solve its own problems if educators would establish the proper social and educational environment
- believe that the current state of society and human nature is normal and good
What were the three most influential approaches of humanistic education in regards to schooling?
Open classroom, free school, and schools without failure
According to Perrenialism, -human life in its fullest sense can be lived only after what?
the rational part of a person is developed.
According to Perrenialism, schools should not be concerned with what?
the occupational or recreational aspects of human existence
What two things were emphasized in behaviorist education?
- accountability for schools and teachers
- performance-based measures to school contexts
Describe Behavioral engineering
- people are programmed to act in certain ways by their environment,
- they are rewarded for acting some ways and are punished for acting in other ways
- the task of education is to create learning environments that lead to desired behaviors
What was Perrenialism a reaction against?
progressives
What caused the rise of Perennialism?
The Progressives were destroying the intellectual fabric of American life by their emphasis on child-centered education
In Perennialism, education must do what two things?
- awaken students’ consciousness to social problems
- engage them actively in working for a solution
In Perennialism, students are encouraged to do what?
question the status quo
In Perennialism, education should expose ___ and build upon ___
the problem areas of human culture; the widest possible consensus about to govern humanity
