Chapter 3 Flashcards
There is a direct relation between people’s basic beliefs and what?
How they view the educational structure of the school
Describe the functions and limitations of labels.
The school of philosophy might best be seen as points on a continua on which there are differences but also agreements
Define idealism: The reality of ___, rather than a stress ____
ideas, thoughts minds, or selves; in material objects and forces
What does idealism emphasize?
The mind as being basic or prior to matter
What was idealism a contrast to?
Materialism
When and by whom was idealism formulated?
Plato in the 4th century BC
What was Plato on a quest for?
Certain truth-that which is perfect and eternal
According to Plato what is the universal truth?
Mathematics
In order to arrive at universal truths, Plato moved away from what?
Sensory experiences to the world of ideas
Name some idealism key thinkers
Descartes, Kant, Hegel
To a idealist, knowing reality is not what?
an experience of seeing, hearing, or touching.
According to the idealist’s truth lies in what?
the realm of ideas
In idealism, what is the relationship of truth and experience?
Truth is prior to and largely independent of experience
In Idealism, what does truth focus on?
Intuition, revelation, and rationalism in gaining and extending knowledge
What is the philosophical position of idealism?
A reality of the mind
Describe the idealists position on senses
The world of the apparent (physical world) that we perceive through our sense does exist
Describe the ethical and aesthetical criteria of goodness and beauty according to idealists
- is external to humanity,
- is inherent in the very nature of true reality,
- is based on fixed and eternal principles.
What does idealism education believe is the most important aspect of learners?
Intellect
What is the position of teachers in the philosophy of idealism?
Teachers have a crucial position in the idealist school
- serve as living examples of what students can become
- role is to pass on knowledge of reality and to be examples of the ethical ideal.
- set an example or pattern to follow (intellectually and socially)
Describe idealism curriculum
- Focus on humanities (history, literature, mathematics)
- Library tends to be the center of educational activity
- Teach methodology focuses on lecturing to transfer knowledge
- Not be excited about field trips of trade classes because they are sensory
What is realism a reaction to?
Idealism
Realism is associated with who?
Aristotle (Plato’s pupil)
How did Aristotle arrived at the conceptions of universal form ?
through the study of material objects
Name two key thinkers of realism.
Francis Bacon, John Locke
Describe the metaphysics of realism:
-ultimate reality is not in the realm of the __, the universe is composed of ____, so it is the ____ in which people live that is reality.
Mind; matter in motion; physical world
Where is realism seen today?
At the philosophic base of much modern science
Describe the epistemology of realism
- truth comes for observation through the senses
- truth for the realist is viewed as observable fact
According to realism, as one understands natural order, a person comes to know what?
The laws that provide the basis for ethical and aesthetic judgement
How does realism view the student
- students function through sensory experiences and perceive the natural order of the world and thereby come into contact with reality.
- students are subject to natural law and not free in their choices
Some realist advocate what kind of approach to psychology?
Behaviorist in approach
According to realism, what is the role of the teacher?
- give accurate information about reality to the student in the quickest and most efficient manner.
- teacher’s biases and personality should be muted
Describe the curriculum of realism in education
- the subject matter of the physical world is taught in such a way that the orderliness underlying the universe is evident
- sciences stand at the center of the realist universe
- mathematics also has a central place
- focus is on demonstrable facts and the framework that gives meaning to those facts
- instructional methods should utilize the senses through the use of pictures and visual aids and physical object lessons in the classroom
- favor field trips, audio visual aids, and demonstrations
- teaching for the mastery if facts in order to understand natural law
- teaching is best when it is most objective and dehumanized, since humans are a source of error
What is the essence of rationalism
An appeal to the human reason
What are the two branches of Neo-scholasticism in the 20th century?
Religious, secular
Describe the religious branch of Neo-scholasticism
Substructure of the Roman Catholic educational philosophy (most important)
What are two important names of the secular branch of Neo-scholasticism
Mortimer Adler, Robert Hutchins
What is the philosophic position of Neo-scholasticism
-a reality of reason (and God)
Name two men that played a distinct role in Neo-scholasticism
Aristotle (realism) and Thomas Aquinas (combined Aristitelian philosophy and Christianity)
According to Neo-scholasticism the natural world is
open to reason
Describe the epistemology if Neo-scholasticism
Truth is seen through rationalism and inspiration
Describe the Axiology if Neo-scholasticism
Ethics is seen in acting rationally
In education how do all the traditional philosophies see the teacher
As an authoritative person who knows what the student needs to learn and has a set curriculum to reinforce their beliefs as to what is important.
What creates a school of philosophy?
The way a person answers the questions of metaphysics, epistemology, and Axiology
According to the idealists the world of reality perceived through our ___ is more important than the ___
Minds; physical world
According to idealists when is humanity moral?
when it is in account with the universal moral law
What is the starting point for realism?
the objects of our senses exist in their own right independently of their being known by a mind
According to realists, reality is seen in terms of what?
Things that operate according to natural law
According to realism, how are values obtained?
Observation of nature
To a idealists, knowing reality is what?
taking hold of the idea of something and retaining it in the mind
In idealism, how does a person comes into contact with the ultimately real world?
through the intellect
Aristotle laid the structure for what has evolved into what?
the modern physical, life and social sciences
What is Francis Bacon know for?
Scientific method
What is John Locke known for?
mind is blank slate that receives impressions from the environment
According to the idealists, truth is inherent in what?
the very nature of the universe
idealist concentrate on what in education?
the mental development of the learner
In neo-scholasticism the supernatural world is understood through
intuitions, revelation, and faith
Name three traditional philosophies
Idealism, realism, Neo-scholasticism
