Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A & P 1 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

most abundant skeletal cartilage

provides support with flexibility and resilience.

covers articular parts (writes bones, sutures)

only fiber type is collagen fibers

4 types: articular cartilage, costal cartilgae, respiratory cartilage and nasal cartilage

transluscent

A

hyaline cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

type of hyaline cartilage

connect the ribs to the sternum (breastbone)

A

costal cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

costal cartilage

A

type of hyaline cartilage

connect the ribs to the sternum (breastbone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

nasal cartilages

A

type of hyaline cartilage

support external nose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

elastic cartilages

A

resembles hyaline cartilages but contain more stretchy elastic fibers.

better able to stand up to repeated bending

in 2 locations: external ear and epiglottis (flap that bends to cover the larynx when we swallow)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

made up of cartilage tissue molded to fit body location & function.

cartilage made mostly of water that allows it to spring back to its original shape after being compressed

contains no nerves or blood vessels

surrounded by dense irregular connective tissue, the perichondrium

3 types: hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage

made of cells called chondrocytes encased in small cavities (lucane) within an extracellular matrix

A

skeletal cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

fibrocartilages

A

cartilage that is highly compressible with great tensile strength

a parallel row of chondrocytes that alternate with collagen fibers.

located at sites that are subject to pressure and stretching (knee and discs between vertebrae)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

perichondrium

A

layer of dense irregular connective tissue.

surrounds cartilage.

resists outward expansion when cartilage is compressed.

contains blood vessels and nutrients that diffuse thru the matrix to reach cartilage cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

respiratory cartilage

A

type of hyaline cartilage

form skeleton of the larynx (voicebox) and reinforce respiratory passageways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

type of hyaline cartilage

support external nose

A

nasal cartilages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

most abundant skeletal cartilage

provides support with flexibility and resilience.

covers articular parts (writes bones, sutures)

only fiber type is collagen fibers

4 types: articular cartilage, costal cartilgae, respiratory cartilage and nasal cartilage

transluscent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

skeletal cartilage

A

made up of cartilage tissue molded to fit body location & function.

cartilage made mostly of water that allows it to spring back to its original shape after being compressed

contains no nerves or blood vessels

surrounded by dense irregular connective tissue, the perichondrium

3 types: hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage

made of cells called chondrocytes encased in small cavities (lucane) within an extracellular matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

lacunae

A

small cavities that contain chondrocyte cells.

located in extracellular matrix containing ground substance and fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

small cavities that contain chondrocyte cells.

located in extracellular matrix containing ground substance and fibers

A

lacunae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

cartilage that is highly compressible with great tensile strength

a parallel row of chondrocytes that alternate with collagen fibers.

located at sites that are subject to pressure and stretching (knee and discs between vertebrae)

A

fibrocartilages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

articular cartilage

A

type of hyaline cartilage

covers the end of most bones at movable joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

type of hyaline cartilage

form skeleton of the larynx (voicebox) and reinforce respiratory passageways

A

respiratory cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

layer of dense irregular connective tissue.

surrounds cartilage.

resists outward expansion when cartilage is compressed.

contains blood vessels and nutrients that diffuse thru the matrix to reach cartilage cells

A

perichondrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

type of hyaline cartilage

covers the end of most bones at movable joints

A

articular cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

resembles hyaline cartilages but contain more stretchy elastic fibers.

better able to stand up to repeated bending

in 2 locations: external ear and epiglottis (flap that bends to cover the larynx when we swallow)

A

elastic cartilages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

cartilage growth

A

cartilage can accomodate mitosis

2 ways: appositional growth and interstitial growth

cartilage growth ends during adolescene when skeleton stops growing.

cartilage can become calcified (hardened due to deposit of calcium salts)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

appositional growth

A

cartilage forming cells surrounding the perichondrium secrete new matrix against the external face of the existing cartilage tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

interstitial growth

A

chondrocytes in the lacunae divide and secrete new matrix which expands cartilage from within

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

cartilage forming cells surrounding the perichondrium secrete new matrix against the external face of the existing cartilage tissue

A

appositional growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

chondrocytes in the lacunae divide and secrete new matrix which expands cartilage from within

A

interstitial growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

axial skeleton

A

forms long axis of the body

includes skull, vertebral column and rib cage

these protect suppport and carry other body parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

consist of upper and lower limbs and the girdles (shoulder and hip bones)

limbs help us move and manipulate our environment

attach limbs to the axial skeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

forms long axis of the body

includes skull, vertebral column and rib cage

these protect suppport and carry other body parts

A

axial skeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

consist of upper and lower limbs and the girdles (shoulder and hip bones)

limbs help us move and manipulate our environment

attach limbs to the axial skeleton

A

appendicular skeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

long bones

A

bones that are longer than they are wide plus two ends which are often expanded.

named for elongated shape, not overall size (these include finger bones)

most limb bones (except wrist and ankle) are this

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

short bones

A

cube shaped bones.

in the wrist and ankles.

sesamoid bones are a type of this

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

sesamoid bones

A

a type of short bone

in a tendon

some act to alter the direction of pull of a tendon

e.g. patella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

flat bones

A

bones that are thin, flattened and a bit curved.

examples are sternum, ribs and most skull bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

irregular bones

A

bones with complicated shapes that do not fit the other classes

examples are the vertebra and hip bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

bones that are longer than they are wide plus two ends which are often expanded.

named for elongated shape, not overall size (these include finger bones)

most limb bones (except wrist and ankle) are this

A

long bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

cube shaped bones.

in the wrist and ankles.

sesamoid bones are a type of this

A

short bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

a type of short bone

in a tendon

some act to alter the direction of pull of a tendon

e.g. patella

A

sesamoid bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

bones that are thin, flattened and a bit curved.

examples are sternum, ribs and most skull bones

A

flat bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

bones with complicated shapes that do not fit the other classes

examples are the vertebra and hip bones

A

irregular bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

functions of bones

A

support, protection, movement, mineral and growth factor storage (stores calcium and phosphate), hematopoiesis, triglyceride (fat) storage, hormone production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

hematopoiesis

A

blood cell formation

occurs in red marrow cavities of certain bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

blood cell formation

occurs in red marrow cavities of certain bones

A

hematopoiesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

compact bone or lamellar bones

A

dense outer layer of bone

looks smooth and solid

made of matrix tubes called lamella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

spongy bone

A

internal layer of the bone.

honeycomb of small pieces called trabeculae

in between trabeculae is red or yellow bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

trabeculae

A

small pieces in spongy bone that form a honeycomb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

dense outer layer of bone

looks smooth and solid

made of matrix tubes called lamella

A

compact bone or lamellar bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

internal layer of the bone.

honeycomb of small pieces called trabeculae

in between trabeculae is red or yellow bone marrow

A

spongy bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

small pieces in spongy bone that form a honeycomb

A

trabeculae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

diaphysis

A

shaft that forms that long axis of the bone in long bones

made of compact bone and surround the central medullary cavity, which contains fat (yellow marrow)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

medullary cavity

A

central of the diaphysis (shaft)

contains fat (yellow marrow) and is called the yellow marrow cavity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

epiphyses

A

bone ends in a long bone

usually broader than diaphysis

articular (hyaline) cartilage covers the joint surfaces to cushion the bones during movement

filled with red bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

epiphyseal line

A

portion of bone where diaphysis and epiphysis meet

comes from epiphyseal plate during childhood

also called metaphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

epiphyseal line during childhood.

between diaphysis and epiphysis.

disc of hyalin cartilage that grows during childhood to lengthen the bone

area where longitudinal bone growth takes place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

shaft that forms that long axis of the bone in long bones

made of compact bone and surround the central medullary cavity, which contains fat (yellow marrow)

A

diaphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

central of the diaphysis (shaft)

contains fat (yellow marrow) and is called the yellow marrow cavity.

A

medullary cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

bone ends in a long bone

usually broader than diaphysis

articular (hyaline) cartilage covers the joint surfaces to cushion the bones during movement

filled with red bone marrow

A

epiphyses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

portion of bone where diaphysis and epiphysis meet

comes from epiphyseal plate during childhood

also called metaphysis

A

epiphyseal line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

epiphyseal line during childhood.

between diaphysis and epiphysis.

disc of hyalin cartilage that grows during childhood to lengthen the bone

area where longitudinal bone growth takes place

A

epiphyseal plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

periosteum

A

double layer of long bones

covers external surface except the joint surfaces

outer layer of dense irregular connective tissue

inner layer of osteogenic/osteprogenitor cells (give rise to bone cells)

supplied with nerve fibers and blood vessels that enter the marrow cavity via the nutrient foramina

anchors tendons and ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

nutrient foramina

A

opening that allows nerve fibers and blood vessels of periosteum to enter the marrow cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

sharpley’s fibers

A

very strong collagen fibers that secure periosteum to the bone.

strengthens attachment of tendons and ligaments (bones will break before these will)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

endosteum

A

connective tissue membrane that covers interal bone surfaces

covers trabeculae of spongy bone

contains osteogenic/osteoprogenitor cells that differentiate to other bone cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

double layer of long bones

covers external surface except the joint surfaces

outer layer of dense irregular connective tissue

inner layer of osteogenic/osteprogenitor cells (give rise to bone cells)

supplied with nerve fibers and blood vessels that enter the marrow cavity via the nutrient foramina

anchors tendons and ligaments

A

periosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

opening that allows nerve fibers and blood vessels of periosteum to enter the marrow cavity

A

nutrient foramina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

very strong collagen fibers that secure periosteum to the bone.

strengthens attachment of tendons and ligaments (bones will break before these will)

A

sharpley’s fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

connective tissue membrane that covers interal bone surfaces

covers trabeculae of spongy bone

contains osteogenic/osteoprogenitor cells that differentiate to other bone cells

A

endosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

red marrow

A

hematopoietic tissue

found in trabecular cavities of spongy bone of long bones and in the diploe of flat bones

these cavities are red marrow cavities

68
Q

bone markings

A

projections, depressions and openings on external surfaces of bones.

these serve as sites of muscle, ligament and tendon attachment or a channel for blood vessels and nerves

69
Q

projections

A

type of bone marking

indicate stress created by muscles attached to and pulling them

or are modified surfaces where bones meet and form joints

70
Q

depressions

A

type of bone marking that are depressions and openings

e.g. fossa, sinuses. foramen, grooves

these allow nerves and blood vessels to pass

71
Q

osteogenic or osteoprogenitor cells

A

bone cells that are mitotically active stem cells

located in peristeum and endosteum

they are squamous cells in growing bones

they can differentiate into osteoblasts with oxygen present or chondroblasts with no oxygen present

develop from mesenchymal cells

72
Q

hematopoietic tissue

found in trabecular cavities of spongy bone of long bones and in the diploe of flat bones

these cavities are red marrow cavities

A

red marrow

73
Q

projections, depressions and openings on external surfaces of bones.

these serve as sites of muscle, ligament and tendon attachment or a channel for blood vessels and nerves

A

bone markings

74
Q

type of bone marking

indicate stress created by muscles attached to and pulling them

or are modified surfaces where bones meet and form joints

A

projections

75
Q

type of bone marking that are depressions and openings

e.g. fossa, sinuses. foramen, grooves

these allow nerves and blood vessels to pass

A

depressions

76
Q

bone cells that are mitotically active stem cells

located in peristeum and endosteum

they are squamous cells in growing bones

they can differentiate into osteoblasts with oxygen present or chondroblasts with no oxygen present

develop from mesenchymal cells

A

osteogenic or osteoprogenitor cells

77
Q

osteoblasts

A

bone cells that synthesize matrix for bone growth.

they secrete bone matrix (which includes collagen and calcium binding proteins that make up initial unmineralized bone called osteoid)

they are active in mitosis

they become osteocytes when completely surrounded by the matrix being secreted

originate from mesenchymal cells

78
Q

osteocytes

A

mature bone cells that occupy lacunae

they monitor and maintain bone matrix

they are stress/strain sensors and respond to mechanical stimuli and send this info to bone remodeling cells (osteoblasts and osteoclasts) so the bone matrix can be made or degraded as needed

originate from mesenchymal cells

79
Q

bone lining cells

A

flat bone cells on bone surfaces where there is no bone remodeling

help to maintain the matrix

called periosteal cells if lining external bone surface

called endosteal cells if lining internal bone surfaces

originate from mesenchymal cells

80
Q

osteoclasts

A

bone cells that are giant multinucleate cells located at sites of bone resorption

located in depressions called resorption boys when resorbing (breaking down) bones

exhibits a ruffled border that contacts bone and increases the surface area of degrading bones

81
Q

bone cells that synthesize matrix for bone growth.

they secrete bone matrix (which includes collagen and calcium binding proteins that make up initial unmineralized bone called osteoid)

they are active in mitosis

they become osteocytes when completely surrounded by the matrix being secreted

originate from mesenchymal cells

A

osteoblasts

82
Q

mature bone cells that occupy lacunae

they monitor and maintain bone matrix

they are stress/strain sensors and respond to mechanical stimuli and send this info to bone remodeling cells (osteoblasts and osteoclasts) so the bone matrix can be made or degraded as needed

originate from mesenchymal cells

A

osteocytes

83
Q

flat bone cells on bone surfaces where there is no bone remodeling

help to maintain the matrix

called periosteal cells if lining external bone surface

called endosteal cells if lining internal bone surfaces

originate from mesenchymal cells

A

bone lining cells

84
Q

bone cells that are giant multinucleate cells located at sites of bone resorption

located in depressions called resorption boys when resorbing (breaking down) bones

exhibits a ruffled border that contacts bone and increases the surface area of degrading bones

A

osteoclasts

85
Q

osteon or Haversian system

A

structural unit of a compact bone

elongated cylinder that is parallel to long axis of bone

made of group of hollow tubes of bone matix called lamella

adjacent lamella have collagen fibers running in different directions. this causes it to withstand torsion stress and resist twisting

86
Q

lamella

A

hollow matrix tubes that make up osteon/Haversian system in compact bone

collagen ribers of each tube run in a single direction

adjacent lamella have collagen fibers running in different directions. this causes it to withstand torsion stress and resist twisting

87
Q

central canal or Haversian canal

A

the core of each osteon/Haversian system.

consists of blood vessels and nerve fibers

88
Q

perforating canals or Volkmann’s canals

A

canals in osteon / Haversian system that are at right angles to the long axis of bone

connect blood and nerve supply of medullary cavity to the central canals

these are lined with endosteum

89
Q

canaliculi

A

canals that connect lacunae to each other and to the central canal.

these tie all osteocytes in an osteon together

allows communication and nutrients/wastes to be transferred throughout osteon

these allow bone cells to be well nourished

90
Q

interstitial lamellae

A

these lie between complete osteons and incomplete lamellae

fill the gaps between forming osteons

91
Q

circumferential lamellae

A

these resist twisting in long bones

located deep to periosteum and superficial to edosteum and extend around the entire circumference of diaphysis

92
Q

structural unit of a compact bone

elongated cylinder that is parallel to long axis of bone

made of group of hollow tubes of bone matix called lamella

adjacent lamella have collagen fibers running in different directions. this causes it to withstand torsion stress and resist twisting

A

osteon or Haversian system

93
Q

hollow matrix tubes that make up osteon/Haversian system in compact bone

collagen ribers of each tube run in a single direction

adjacent lamella have collagen fibers running in different directions. this causes it to withstand torsion stress and resist twisting

A

lamella

94
Q

the core of each osteon/Haversian system.

consists of blood vessels and nerve fibers

A

central canal or Haversian canal

95
Q

canals in osteon / Haversian system that are at right angles to the long axis of bone

connect blood and nerve supply of medullary cavity to the central canals

these are lined with endosteum

A

perforating canals or Volkmann’s canals

96
Q

canals that connect lacunae to each other and to the central canal.

these tie all osteocytes in an osteon together

allows communication and nutrients/wastes to be transferred throughout osteon

these allow bone cells to be well nourished

A

canaliculi

97
Q

these lie between complete osteons and incomplete lamellae

fill the gaps between forming osteons

A

interstitial lamellae

98
Q

these resist twisting in long bones

located deep to periosteum and superficial to edosteum and extend around the entire circumference of diaphysis

A

circumferential lamellae

99
Q

organic components

A

35% of bone is this. it includes bone cells and osteon

osteon includes ground substance (made of proteoglycans and glycoproteins) and collagen fibers

osteon contributes to bone’s structure, flexibility and tensile strength

100
Q

inorganic components

A

65% of one is this. includes hydroxyapatities (or mineral salts)., mostly calcium phosphates as tiny crystals

101
Q

ossification / osteogenesis

A

the process of bone formation

bone growth stops in early adulthood

this can occur in adults for bone remodeling and repair

102
Q

endochondral ossification

A

ossification for all bones below the skull (except clavicle)

bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage

begins at 8th week in fetus

uses hyaline cartilage (which is later broken down) formed earlier as models for bone construction

blood vessels cover hyaline cartilage and mesenchymal cells specialize into osteoblasts, then ossification can begin

103
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

ossification that forms cranial bones of the skill and clavicles

104
Q

resting or quiescent zone

A

chondrocytes on epiphyseal side that are inactive

where cartilage is inactive

105
Q

proliferation or growth zone

A

diaphysis side of epiphysis plate

chondrocytes are rapidly increasing (mitosis) and stacking on top of each other

causes epiphysis to be pushed away from diaphysis. this allows long bones to lengthen and for us to get taller

cartilage is here

106
Q

hypertrophic zone

A

older chondrocutes that are becoming enlarged

lacunae erode and cartilage begins to harden and calcify

107
Q

calcification zone

A

cartilage matrix fully invaded medullary cavity

enlarged chondrocytes die and create empty space that is filled with hardened cartilage

108
Q

ossification or osteogenic zone

A

osteogenic cells in medullary cavity

osteoclasts degrade cartilage

osteoblasts create new woven bone

109
Q

35% of bone is this. it includes bone cells and osteon

osteon includes ground substance (made of proteoglycans and glycoproteins) and collagen fibers

osteon contributes to bone’s structure, flexibility and tensile strength

A

organic components

110
Q

65% of one is this. includes hydroxyapatities (or mineral salts)., mostly calcium phosphates as tiny crystals

A

inorganic components

111
Q

the process of bone formation

bone growth stops in early adulthood

this can occur in adults for bone remodeling and repair

A

ossification / osteogenesis

112
Q

ossification for all bones below the skull (except clavicle)

bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage

begins at 8th week in fetus

uses hyaline cartilage (which is later broken down) formed earlier as models for bone construction

blood vessels cover hyaline cartilage and mesenchymal cells specialize into osteoblasts, then ossification can begin

A

endochondral ossification

113
Q

ossification that forms cranial bones of the skill and clavicles

A

intramembranous ossification

114
Q

chondrocytes on epiphyseal side that are inactive

where cartilage is inactive

A

resting or quiescent zone

115
Q

diaphysis side of epiphysis plate

chondrocytes are rapidly increasing (mitosis) and stacking on top of each other

causes epiphysis to be pushed away from diaphysis. this allows long bones to lengthen and for us to get taller

cartilage is here

A

proliferation or growth zone

116
Q

older chondrocutes that are becoming enlarged

lacunae erode and cartilage begins to harden and calcify

A

hypertrophic zone

117
Q

cartilage matrix fully invaded medullary cavity

enlarged chondrocytes die and create empty space that is filled with hardened cartilage

A

calcification zone

118
Q

osteogenic cells in medullary cavity

osteoclasts degrade cartilage

osteoblasts create new woven bone

A

ossification or osteogenic zone

119
Q

parathyroid hormone

A

hormone that helps preserve blood calcium homeostasis

these stimulate osteoclaststo resorb bone, releasing calcium into the blood

120
Q

Wolff’s law

A

bone grows or remodels in response to the demands place on it

bone’s anatomy reflects the stress it encounters

e.g. long bones are thickest halfway along the diaphysis where bending stress is greatest

121
Q

nondisplaced/displaced fracture

A

if the bone is in its normal position or not afterthe fracture

122
Q

complete/incomplete fracture

A

if the bone is broken through or not by a fracture

123
Q

open (compound) / closed (simple)

A

if the bone penetrates the skin due to a fracture

124
Q

comminuted

A

type of fracture

bone fragments into 3 or more peces

more common in old people

125
Q

compression

A

type of fracture

bone is crushed. common in porous bones (osteoporotic bones) subject to an extreme trauma

126
Q

spiral

A

type of fracture

ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are apllied to a bone

common sports fracture

127
Q

epiphyseal

A

type of fracture

epiphysis separates from diaphysis along epiphyseal plate

tends to happen when cartilage cells are dying

128
Q

depressed

A

type of fracture

broken bone portion is pressed inward

typical skull fracture

129
Q

greenstick

A

type of fracture

bone breaks incompletely (like a twig)

only one side of the shaft breaks, the other side still bends

common in children whose bone matrix is more flexible

130
Q

reduction

A

type of fracture repair

realignment of bone ends

131
Q

closed (external) reduction

A

type of fracture repair

doctor’s hand coax the bone ends into position

132
Q

open (internal) reduction

A

type of fracture repair

bone ends are secured together surgically with pins or wires

133
Q

hematoma

A

first stage of fracture repair

a mass of clotted blood forms at the fracture site

134
Q

fibrocartilaginous callus

A

2nd stage of bone repair

this mass of repair tissue forms

135
Q

bony callus

A

3rd stage of bone repair

new trabeculae form in the fibrocartilaginous callus and convert it to this

136
Q

bone remodeling

A

4th and last stage of bone repair

bony callus is remodeled. excess material is removed and compact bone is laid down to reconstruct shaft walls.

final structure resembles the original unbroken bony region

137
Q

hormone that helps preserve blood calcium homeostasis

these stimulate osteoclaststo resorb bone, releasing calcium into the blood

A

parathyroid hormone

138
Q

bone grows or remodels in response to the demands place on it

bone’s anatomy reflects the stress it encounters

e.g. long bones are thickest halfway along the diaphysis where bending stress is greatest

A

Wolff’s law

139
Q

if the bone is in its normal position or not afterthe fracture

A

nondisplaced/displaced fracture

140
Q

if the bone is broken through or not by a fracture

A

complete/incomplete fracture

141
Q

if the bone penetrates the skin due to a fracture

A

open (compound) / closed (simple)

142
Q

type of fracture

bone fragments into 3 or more peces

more common in old people

A

comminuted

143
Q

type of fracture

bone is crushed. common in porous bones (osteoporotic bones) subject to an extreme trauma

A

compression

144
Q

type of fracture

ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are apllied to a bone

common sports fracture

A

spiral

145
Q

type of fracture

epiphysis separates from diaphysis along epiphyseal plate

tends to happen when cartilage cells are dying

A

epiphyseal

146
Q

type of fracture

broken bone portion is pressed inward

typical skull fracture

A

depressed

147
Q

type of fracture

bone breaks incompletely (like a twig)

only one side of the shaft breaks, the other side still bends

common in children whose bone matrix is more flexible

A

greenstick

148
Q

type of fracture repair

realignment of bone ends

A

reduction

149
Q

type of fracture repair

doctor’s hand coax the bone ends into position

A

closed (external) reduction

150
Q

type of fracture repair

bone ends are secured together surgically with pins or wires

A

open (internal) reduction

151
Q

first stage of fracture repair

a mass of clotted blood forms at the fracture site

A

hematoma

152
Q

2nd stage of bone repair

this mass of repair tissue forms

A

fibrocartilaginous callus

153
Q

3rd stage of bone repair

new trabeculae form in the fibrocartilaginous callus and convert it to this

A

bony callus

154
Q

4th and last stage of bone repair

bony callus is remodeled. excess material is removed and compact bone is laid down to reconstruct shaft walls.

final structure resembles the original unbroken bony region

A

bone remodeling

155
Q

osteomalacia

A

disorders where bones are poorly mineralized.

osteoid is produced but calcium is not adequately deposited so bones are soft and weak and flexible

main symptom is pain whe weight it put on

caused by insufficient calcium or vitamin D

156
Q

rickets

A

osteomalacia in children

more severe because young bones are still growing

deformities of legs, pelvis, skull, ribs is common

epiphyseal plates cannot calcify so they continue to widen. so long bones become enlarged and abnormally long

157
Q

osteoporosis

A

disease where bone resorption outpaces bone deposit

bones become so fragile that a sneeze can break them

spongy bone of spine is most vunerable. compression factures is also comon

usually occurs in older people

158
Q

Paget’s disease

A

disease caused by excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption

has an abnormally high ratio of spongy bone to compact bones

osteoclast activity wanes and osteoblasts continue working so this can result in irregular bone thickening

causes weakening of bones

159
Q

disorders where bones are poorly mineralized.

osteoid is produced but calcium is not adequately deposited so bones are soft and weak

main symptom is pain whe weight it put on

caused by insufficient calcium or vitamin D

A

osteomalacia

160
Q

osteomalacia in children

more severe because young bones are still growing

deformities of legs, pelvis, skull, ribs is common

epiphyseal plates cannot calcify so they continue to widen. so long bones become enlarged and abnormally long

A

rickets

161
Q

disease where bone resorption outpaces bone deposit

bones become so fragile that a sneeze can break them

spongy bone of spine is most vunerable. compression factures is also comon

usually occurs in older people

A

osteoporosis

162
Q

disease caused by excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption

has an abnormally high ratio of spongy bone to compact bones

osteoclast activity wanes and osteoblasts continue working so this can result in irregular bone thickening

causes weakening of bones

A

Paget’s disease

163
Q

woven bone

A

produced by osteoblasts.

only in developing fetus or broken bone that is being repaired

164
Q

lamellar bone

A

finished product of bone

all of our bone is this unless we have a broken bone

they are compact

165
Q

produced by osteoblasts.

only in developing fetus or broken bone that is being repaired

A

woven bone

166
Q

finished product of bone

all of our bone is this unless we have a broken bone

they are compact

A

lamellar bone

A & P 1 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions