Chapter 6 Flashcards
most abundant skeletal cartilage
provides support with flexibility and resilience.
covers articular parts (writes bones, sutures)
only fiber type is collagen fibers
4 types: articular cartilage, costal cartilgae, respiratory cartilage and nasal cartilage
transluscent
hyaline cartilage
type of hyaline cartilage
connect the ribs to the sternum (breastbone)
costal cartilage
costal cartilage
type of hyaline cartilage
connect the ribs to the sternum (breastbone)
nasal cartilages
type of hyaline cartilage
support external nose
elastic cartilages
resembles hyaline cartilages but contain more stretchy elastic fibers.
better able to stand up to repeated bending
in 2 locations: external ear and epiglottis (flap that bends to cover the larynx when we swallow)
made up of cartilage tissue molded to fit body location & function.
cartilage made mostly of water that allows it to spring back to its original shape after being compressed
contains no nerves or blood vessels
surrounded by dense irregular connective tissue, the perichondrium
3 types: hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage
made of cells called chondrocytes encased in small cavities (lucane) within an extracellular matrix
skeletal cartilage
fibrocartilages
cartilage that is highly compressible with great tensile strength
a parallel row of chondrocytes that alternate with collagen fibers.
located at sites that are subject to pressure and stretching (knee and discs between vertebrae)
perichondrium
layer of dense irregular connective tissue.
surrounds cartilage.
resists outward expansion when cartilage is compressed.
contains blood vessels and nutrients that diffuse thru the matrix to reach cartilage cells
respiratory cartilage
type of hyaline cartilage
form skeleton of the larynx (voicebox) and reinforce respiratory passageways
type of hyaline cartilage
support external nose
nasal cartilages
hyaline cartilage
most abundant skeletal cartilage
provides support with flexibility and resilience.
covers articular parts (writes bones, sutures)
only fiber type is collagen fibers
4 types: articular cartilage, costal cartilgae, respiratory cartilage and nasal cartilage
transluscent
skeletal cartilage
made up of cartilage tissue molded to fit body location & function.
cartilage made mostly of water that allows it to spring back to its original shape after being compressed
contains no nerves or blood vessels
surrounded by dense irregular connective tissue, the perichondrium
3 types: hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage
made of cells called chondrocytes encased in small cavities (lucane) within an extracellular matrix
lacunae
small cavities that contain chondrocyte cells.
located in extracellular matrix containing ground substance and fibers
small cavities that contain chondrocyte cells.
located in extracellular matrix containing ground substance and fibers
lacunae
cartilage that is highly compressible with great tensile strength
a parallel row of chondrocytes that alternate with collagen fibers.
located at sites that are subject to pressure and stretching (knee and discs between vertebrae)
fibrocartilages
articular cartilage
type of hyaline cartilage
covers the end of most bones at movable joints
type of hyaline cartilage
form skeleton of the larynx (voicebox) and reinforce respiratory passageways
respiratory cartilage
layer of dense irregular connective tissue.
surrounds cartilage.
resists outward expansion when cartilage is compressed.
contains blood vessels and nutrients that diffuse thru the matrix to reach cartilage cells
perichondrium
type of hyaline cartilage
covers the end of most bones at movable joints
articular cartilage
resembles hyaline cartilages but contain more stretchy elastic fibers.
better able to stand up to repeated bending
in 2 locations: external ear and epiglottis (flap that bends to cover the larynx when we swallow)
elastic cartilages
cartilage growth
cartilage can accomodate mitosis
2 ways: appositional growth and interstitial growth
cartilage growth ends during adolescene when skeleton stops growing.
cartilage can become calcified (hardened due to deposit of calcium salts)
appositional growth
cartilage forming cells surrounding the perichondrium secrete new matrix against the external face of the existing cartilage tissue
interstitial growth
chondrocytes in the lacunae divide and secrete new matrix which expands cartilage from within
cartilage forming cells surrounding the perichondrium secrete new matrix against the external face of the existing cartilage tissue
appositional growth
chondrocytes in the lacunae divide and secrete new matrix which expands cartilage from within
interstitial growth
axial skeleton
forms long axis of the body
includes skull, vertebral column and rib cage
these protect suppport and carry other body parts
appendicular skeleton
consist of upper and lower limbs and the girdles (shoulder and hip bones)
limbs help us move and manipulate our environment
attach limbs to the axial skeleton
forms long axis of the body
includes skull, vertebral column and rib cage
these protect suppport and carry other body parts
axial skeleton
consist of upper and lower limbs and the girdles (shoulder and hip bones)
limbs help us move and manipulate our environment
attach limbs to the axial skeleton
appendicular skeleton
long bones
bones that are longer than they are wide plus two ends which are often expanded.
named for elongated shape, not overall size (these include finger bones)
most limb bones (except wrist and ankle) are this
short bones
cube shaped bones.
in the wrist and ankles.
sesamoid bones are a type of this
sesamoid bones
a type of short bone
in a tendon
some act to alter the direction of pull of a tendon
e.g. patella
flat bones
bones that are thin, flattened and a bit curved.
examples are sternum, ribs and most skull bones
irregular bones
bones with complicated shapes that do not fit the other classes
examples are the vertebra and hip bones
bones that are longer than they are wide plus two ends which are often expanded.
named for elongated shape, not overall size (these include finger bones)
most limb bones (except wrist and ankle) are this
long bones
cube shaped bones.
in the wrist and ankles.
sesamoid bones are a type of this
short bones
a type of short bone
in a tendon
some act to alter the direction of pull of a tendon
e.g. patella
sesamoid bones
bones that are thin, flattened and a bit curved.
examples are sternum, ribs and most skull bones
flat bones
bones with complicated shapes that do not fit the other classes
examples are the vertebra and hip bones
irregular bones
functions of bones
support, protection, movement, mineral and growth factor storage (stores calcium and phosphate), hematopoiesis, triglyceride (fat) storage, hormone production
hematopoiesis
blood cell formation
occurs in red marrow cavities of certain bones
blood cell formation
occurs in red marrow cavities of certain bones
hematopoiesis
compact bone or lamellar bones
dense outer layer of bone
looks smooth and solid
made of matrix tubes called lamella
spongy bone
internal layer of the bone.
honeycomb of small pieces called trabeculae
in between trabeculae is red or yellow bone marrow
trabeculae
small pieces in spongy bone that form a honeycomb
dense outer layer of bone
looks smooth and solid
made of matrix tubes called lamella
compact bone or lamellar bones
internal layer of the bone.
honeycomb of small pieces called trabeculae
in between trabeculae is red or yellow bone marrow
spongy bone
small pieces in spongy bone that form a honeycomb
trabeculae
diaphysis
shaft that forms that long axis of the bone in long bones
made of compact bone and surround the central medullary cavity, which contains fat (yellow marrow)
medullary cavity
central of the diaphysis (shaft)
contains fat (yellow marrow) and is called the yellow marrow cavity.
epiphyses
bone ends in a long bone
usually broader than diaphysis
articular (hyaline) cartilage covers the joint surfaces to cushion the bones during movement
filled with red bone marrow
epiphyseal line
portion of bone where diaphysis and epiphysis meet
comes from epiphyseal plate during childhood
also called metaphysis
epiphyseal plate
epiphyseal line during childhood.
between diaphysis and epiphysis.
disc of hyalin cartilage that grows during childhood to lengthen the bone
area where longitudinal bone growth takes place
shaft that forms that long axis of the bone in long bones
made of compact bone and surround the central medullary cavity, which contains fat (yellow marrow)
diaphysis
central of the diaphysis (shaft)
contains fat (yellow marrow) and is called the yellow marrow cavity.
medullary cavity
bone ends in a long bone
usually broader than diaphysis
articular (hyaline) cartilage covers the joint surfaces to cushion the bones during movement
filled with red bone marrow
epiphyses
portion of bone where diaphysis and epiphysis meet
comes from epiphyseal plate during childhood
also called metaphysis
epiphyseal line
epiphyseal line during childhood.
between diaphysis and epiphysis.
disc of hyalin cartilage that grows during childhood to lengthen the bone
area where longitudinal bone growth takes place
epiphyseal plate
periosteum
double layer of long bones
covers external surface except the joint surfaces
outer layer of dense irregular connective tissue
inner layer of osteogenic/osteprogenitor cells (give rise to bone cells)
supplied with nerve fibers and blood vessels that enter the marrow cavity via the nutrient foramina
anchors tendons and ligaments
nutrient foramina
opening that allows nerve fibers and blood vessels of periosteum to enter the marrow cavity
sharpley’s fibers
very strong collagen fibers that secure periosteum to the bone.
strengthens attachment of tendons and ligaments (bones will break before these will)
endosteum
connective tissue membrane that covers interal bone surfaces
covers trabeculae of spongy bone
contains osteogenic/osteoprogenitor cells that differentiate to other bone cells
double layer of long bones
covers external surface except the joint surfaces
outer layer of dense irregular connective tissue
inner layer of osteogenic/osteprogenitor cells (give rise to bone cells)
supplied with nerve fibers and blood vessels that enter the marrow cavity via the nutrient foramina
anchors tendons and ligaments
periosteum
opening that allows nerve fibers and blood vessels of periosteum to enter the marrow cavity
nutrient foramina
very strong collagen fibers that secure periosteum to the bone.
strengthens attachment of tendons and ligaments (bones will break before these will)
sharpley’s fibers
connective tissue membrane that covers interal bone surfaces
covers trabeculae of spongy bone
contains osteogenic/osteoprogenitor cells that differentiate to other bone cells
endosteum
red marrow
hematopoietic tissue
found in trabecular cavities of spongy bone of long bones and in the diploe of flat bones
these cavities are red marrow cavities
bone markings
projections, depressions and openings on external surfaces of bones.
these serve as sites of muscle, ligament and tendon attachment or a channel for blood vessels and nerves
projections
type of bone marking
indicate stress created by muscles attached to and pulling them
or are modified surfaces where bones meet and form joints
depressions
type of bone marking that are depressions and openings
e.g. fossa, sinuses. foramen, grooves
these allow nerves and blood vessels to pass
osteogenic or osteoprogenitor cells
bone cells that are mitotically active stem cells
located in peristeum and endosteum
they are squamous cells in growing bones
they can differentiate into osteoblasts with oxygen present or chondroblasts with no oxygen present
develop from mesenchymal cells
hematopoietic tissue
found in trabecular cavities of spongy bone of long bones and in the diploe of flat bones
these cavities are red marrow cavities
red marrow
projections, depressions and openings on external surfaces of bones.
these serve as sites of muscle, ligament and tendon attachment or a channel for blood vessels and nerves
bone markings
type of bone marking
indicate stress created by muscles attached to and pulling them
or are modified surfaces where bones meet and form joints
projections
type of bone marking that are depressions and openings
e.g. fossa, sinuses. foramen, grooves
these allow nerves and blood vessels to pass
depressions
bone cells that are mitotically active stem cells
located in peristeum and endosteum
they are squamous cells in growing bones
they can differentiate into osteoblasts with oxygen present or chondroblasts with no oxygen present
develop from mesenchymal cells
osteogenic or osteoprogenitor cells
osteoblasts
bone cells that synthesize matrix for bone growth.
they secrete bone matrix (which includes collagen and calcium binding proteins that make up initial unmineralized bone called osteoid)
they are active in mitosis
they become osteocytes when completely surrounded by the matrix being secreted
originate from mesenchymal cells
osteocytes
mature bone cells that occupy lacunae
they monitor and maintain bone matrix
they are stress/strain sensors and respond to mechanical stimuli and send this info to bone remodeling cells (osteoblasts and osteoclasts) so the bone matrix can be made or degraded as needed
originate from mesenchymal cells
bone lining cells
flat bone cells on bone surfaces where there is no bone remodeling
help to maintain the matrix
called periosteal cells if lining external bone surface
called endosteal cells if lining internal bone surfaces
originate from mesenchymal cells
osteoclasts
bone cells that are giant multinucleate cells located at sites of bone resorption
located in depressions called resorption boys when resorbing (breaking down) bones
exhibits a ruffled border that contacts bone and increases the surface area of degrading bones
bone cells that synthesize matrix for bone growth.
they secrete bone matrix (which includes collagen and calcium binding proteins that make up initial unmineralized bone called osteoid)
they are active in mitosis
they become osteocytes when completely surrounded by the matrix being secreted
originate from mesenchymal cells
osteoblasts
mature bone cells that occupy lacunae
they monitor and maintain bone matrix
they are stress/strain sensors and respond to mechanical stimuli and send this info to bone remodeling cells (osteoblasts and osteoclasts) so the bone matrix can be made or degraded as needed
originate from mesenchymal cells
osteocytes
flat bone cells on bone surfaces where there is no bone remodeling
help to maintain the matrix
called periosteal cells if lining external bone surface
called endosteal cells if lining internal bone surfaces
originate from mesenchymal cells
bone lining cells
bone cells that are giant multinucleate cells located at sites of bone resorption
located in depressions called resorption boys when resorbing (breaking down) bones
exhibits a ruffled border that contacts bone and increases the surface area of degrading bones
osteoclasts
osteon or Haversian system
structural unit of a compact bone
elongated cylinder that is parallel to long axis of bone
made of group of hollow tubes of bone matix called lamella
adjacent lamella have collagen fibers running in different directions. this causes it to withstand torsion stress and resist twisting
lamella
hollow matrix tubes that make up osteon/Haversian system in compact bone
collagen ribers of each tube run in a single direction
adjacent lamella have collagen fibers running in different directions. this causes it to withstand torsion stress and resist twisting
central canal or Haversian canal
the core of each osteon/Haversian system.
consists of blood vessels and nerve fibers
perforating canals or Volkmann’s canals
canals in osteon / Haversian system that are at right angles to the long axis of bone
connect blood and nerve supply of medullary cavity to the central canals
these are lined with endosteum
canaliculi
canals that connect lacunae to each other and to the central canal.
these tie all osteocytes in an osteon together
allows communication and nutrients/wastes to be transferred throughout osteon
these allow bone cells to be well nourished
interstitial lamellae
these lie between complete osteons and incomplete lamellae
fill the gaps between forming osteons
circumferential lamellae
these resist twisting in long bones
located deep to periosteum and superficial to edosteum and extend around the entire circumference of diaphysis
structural unit of a compact bone
elongated cylinder that is parallel to long axis of bone
made of group of hollow tubes of bone matix called lamella
adjacent lamella have collagen fibers running in different directions. this causes it to withstand torsion stress and resist twisting
osteon or Haversian system
hollow matrix tubes that make up osteon/Haversian system in compact bone
collagen ribers of each tube run in a single direction
adjacent lamella have collagen fibers running in different directions. this causes it to withstand torsion stress and resist twisting
lamella
the core of each osteon/Haversian system.
consists of blood vessels and nerve fibers
central canal or Haversian canal
canals in osteon / Haversian system that are at right angles to the long axis of bone
connect blood and nerve supply of medullary cavity to the central canals
these are lined with endosteum
perforating canals or Volkmann’s canals
canals that connect lacunae to each other and to the central canal.
these tie all osteocytes in an osteon together
allows communication and nutrients/wastes to be transferred throughout osteon
these allow bone cells to be well nourished
canaliculi
these lie between complete osteons and incomplete lamellae
fill the gaps between forming osteons
interstitial lamellae
these resist twisting in long bones
located deep to periosteum and superficial to edosteum and extend around the entire circumference of diaphysis
circumferential lamellae
organic components
35% of bone is this. it includes bone cells and osteon
osteon includes ground substance (made of proteoglycans and glycoproteins) and collagen fibers
osteon contributes to bone’s structure, flexibility and tensile strength
inorganic components
65% of one is this. includes hydroxyapatities (or mineral salts)., mostly calcium phosphates as tiny crystals
ossification / osteogenesis
the process of bone formation
bone growth stops in early adulthood
this can occur in adults for bone remodeling and repair
endochondral ossification
ossification for all bones below the skull (except clavicle)
bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage
begins at 8th week in fetus
uses hyaline cartilage (which is later broken down) formed earlier as models for bone construction
blood vessels cover hyaline cartilage and mesenchymal cells specialize into osteoblasts, then ossification can begin
intramembranous ossification
ossification that forms cranial bones of the skill and clavicles
resting or quiescent zone
chondrocytes on epiphyseal side that are inactive
where cartilage is inactive
proliferation or growth zone
diaphysis side of epiphysis plate
chondrocytes are rapidly increasing (mitosis) and stacking on top of each other
causes epiphysis to be pushed away from diaphysis. this allows long bones to lengthen and for us to get taller
cartilage is here
hypertrophic zone
older chondrocutes that are becoming enlarged
lacunae erode and cartilage begins to harden and calcify
calcification zone
cartilage matrix fully invaded medullary cavity
enlarged chondrocytes die and create empty space that is filled with hardened cartilage
ossification or osteogenic zone
osteogenic cells in medullary cavity
osteoclasts degrade cartilage
osteoblasts create new woven bone
35% of bone is this. it includes bone cells and osteon
osteon includes ground substance (made of proteoglycans and glycoproteins) and collagen fibers
osteon contributes to bone’s structure, flexibility and tensile strength
organic components
65% of one is this. includes hydroxyapatities (or mineral salts)., mostly calcium phosphates as tiny crystals
inorganic components
the process of bone formation
bone growth stops in early adulthood
this can occur in adults for bone remodeling and repair
ossification / osteogenesis
ossification for all bones below the skull (except clavicle)
bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage
begins at 8th week in fetus
uses hyaline cartilage (which is later broken down) formed earlier as models for bone construction
blood vessels cover hyaline cartilage and mesenchymal cells specialize into osteoblasts, then ossification can begin
endochondral ossification
ossification that forms cranial bones of the skill and clavicles
intramembranous ossification
chondrocytes on epiphyseal side that are inactive
where cartilage is inactive
resting or quiescent zone
diaphysis side of epiphysis plate
chondrocytes are rapidly increasing (mitosis) and stacking on top of each other
causes epiphysis to be pushed away from diaphysis. this allows long bones to lengthen and for us to get taller
cartilage is here
proliferation or growth zone
older chondrocutes that are becoming enlarged
lacunae erode and cartilage begins to harden and calcify
hypertrophic zone
cartilage matrix fully invaded medullary cavity
enlarged chondrocytes die and create empty space that is filled with hardened cartilage
calcification zone
osteogenic cells in medullary cavity
osteoclasts degrade cartilage
osteoblasts create new woven bone
ossification or osteogenic zone
parathyroid hormone
hormone that helps preserve blood calcium homeostasis
these stimulate osteoclaststo resorb bone, releasing calcium into the blood
Wolff’s law
bone grows or remodels in response to the demands place on it
bone’s anatomy reflects the stress it encounters
e.g. long bones are thickest halfway along the diaphysis where bending stress is greatest
nondisplaced/displaced fracture
if the bone is in its normal position or not afterthe fracture
complete/incomplete fracture
if the bone is broken through or not by a fracture
open (compound) / closed (simple)
if the bone penetrates the skin due to a fracture
comminuted
type of fracture
bone fragments into 3 or more peces
more common in old people
compression
type of fracture
bone is crushed. common in porous bones (osteoporotic bones) subject to an extreme trauma
spiral
type of fracture
ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are apllied to a bone
common sports fracture
epiphyseal
type of fracture
epiphysis separates from diaphysis along epiphyseal plate
tends to happen when cartilage cells are dying
depressed
type of fracture
broken bone portion is pressed inward
typical skull fracture
greenstick
type of fracture
bone breaks incompletely (like a twig)
only one side of the shaft breaks, the other side still bends
common in children whose bone matrix is more flexible
reduction
type of fracture repair
realignment of bone ends
closed (external) reduction
type of fracture repair
doctor’s hand coax the bone ends into position
open (internal) reduction
type of fracture repair
bone ends are secured together surgically with pins or wires
hematoma
first stage of fracture repair
a mass of clotted blood forms at the fracture site
fibrocartilaginous callus
2nd stage of bone repair
this mass of repair tissue forms
bony callus
3rd stage of bone repair
new trabeculae form in the fibrocartilaginous callus and convert it to this
bone remodeling
4th and last stage of bone repair
bony callus is remodeled. excess material is removed and compact bone is laid down to reconstruct shaft walls.
final structure resembles the original unbroken bony region
hormone that helps preserve blood calcium homeostasis
these stimulate osteoclaststo resorb bone, releasing calcium into the blood
parathyroid hormone
bone grows or remodels in response to the demands place on it
bone’s anatomy reflects the stress it encounters
e.g. long bones are thickest halfway along the diaphysis where bending stress is greatest
Wolff’s law
if the bone is in its normal position or not afterthe fracture
nondisplaced/displaced fracture
if the bone is broken through or not by a fracture
complete/incomplete fracture
if the bone penetrates the skin due to a fracture
open (compound) / closed (simple)
type of fracture
bone fragments into 3 or more peces
more common in old people
comminuted
type of fracture
bone is crushed. common in porous bones (osteoporotic bones) subject to an extreme trauma
compression
type of fracture
ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are apllied to a bone
common sports fracture
spiral
type of fracture
epiphysis separates from diaphysis along epiphyseal plate
tends to happen when cartilage cells are dying
epiphyseal
type of fracture
broken bone portion is pressed inward
typical skull fracture
depressed
type of fracture
bone breaks incompletely (like a twig)
only one side of the shaft breaks, the other side still bends
common in children whose bone matrix is more flexible
greenstick
type of fracture repair
realignment of bone ends
reduction
type of fracture repair
doctor’s hand coax the bone ends into position
closed (external) reduction
type of fracture repair
bone ends are secured together surgically with pins or wires
open (internal) reduction
first stage of fracture repair
a mass of clotted blood forms at the fracture site
hematoma
2nd stage of bone repair
this mass of repair tissue forms
fibrocartilaginous callus
3rd stage of bone repair
new trabeculae form in the fibrocartilaginous callus and convert it to this
bony callus
4th and last stage of bone repair
bony callus is remodeled. excess material is removed and compact bone is laid down to reconstruct shaft walls.
final structure resembles the original unbroken bony region
bone remodeling
osteomalacia
disorders where bones are poorly mineralized.
osteoid is produced but calcium is not adequately deposited so bones are soft and weak and flexible
main symptom is pain whe weight it put on
caused by insufficient calcium or vitamin D
rickets
osteomalacia in children
more severe because young bones are still growing
deformities of legs, pelvis, skull, ribs is common
epiphyseal plates cannot calcify so they continue to widen. so long bones become enlarged and abnormally long
osteoporosis
disease where bone resorption outpaces bone deposit
bones become so fragile that a sneeze can break them
spongy bone of spine is most vunerable. compression factures is also comon
usually occurs in older people
Paget’s disease
disease caused by excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption
has an abnormally high ratio of spongy bone to compact bones
osteoclast activity wanes and osteoblasts continue working so this can result in irregular bone thickening
causes weakening of bones
disorders where bones are poorly mineralized.
osteoid is produced but calcium is not adequately deposited so bones are soft and weak
main symptom is pain whe weight it put on
caused by insufficient calcium or vitamin D
osteomalacia
osteomalacia in children
more severe because young bones are still growing
deformities of legs, pelvis, skull, ribs is common
epiphyseal plates cannot calcify so they continue to widen. so long bones become enlarged and abnormally long
rickets
disease where bone resorption outpaces bone deposit
bones become so fragile that a sneeze can break them
spongy bone of spine is most vunerable. compression factures is also comon
usually occurs in older people
osteoporosis
disease caused by excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption
has an abnormally high ratio of spongy bone to compact bones
osteoclast activity wanes and osteoblasts continue working so this can result in irregular bone thickening
causes weakening of bones
Paget’s disease
woven bone
produced by osteoblasts.
only in developing fetus or broken bone that is being repaired
lamellar bone
finished product of bone
all of our bone is this unless we have a broken bone
they are compact
produced by osteoblasts.
only in developing fetus or broken bone that is being repaired
woven bone
finished product of bone
all of our bone is this unless we have a broken bone
they are compact
lamellar bone
