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A & P 1 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

artifacts

A

minor distortions that alter a preserved tissue’s condition. this is why most microscopic structures are not exactly like living tissue

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2
Q

epithelial tissue or epithelium

A

sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body. 2 forms: covering and lining (lines outer layer of skin, digestive system, respiratory system and organs in ventral body cavity) and glandular (fashions the glands in the body)

functions include: protection, absorption, filtration, excreatoin, secretion and sensory reception

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3
Q

polarity

A

characteristic of epithelium. all epithelia have an apical surface (upper surface exposed to exterior) and a lower attached basal surface. these two differ and exhibit a polarity. also includes microvilli and basal lamina

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4
Q

microvilli

A

part of epithelium. fingerlike extensions of membrane that increase exposed surface area. intestinal is brush border

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5
Q

basal lamina

A

adjacent to basal surface and acts as a selective filter that determines which molecules diffusing can enter the epithelium. connects epethelium to underlying connective tissue

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6
Q

specialized contacts

A

characteristic of epithelium. epithelial cells fit closely together. tight junctions and desmosomes bind adjacent cells together to help keep things from diffusing in

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7
Q

supported by connective tissue

A

characteristic of epithelium. the basal lamina and reticular lamina form the basement membrane which reinforces the epithelium sheet and prevents stretching and tearing

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8
Q

avascular but innervated

A

characteristic of epithelium. epithelium contains to blood vessels (avascular) and is supplied by nerve fibers (innervated).

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9
Q

regeneration

A

characteristic of epithelium. epithelial cells can reproduce themselves rapidly when some are destroyed. they replace lost cells by cell division

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10
Q

simple squamous epithelia

A

single layer of flattened cells. diffusion and filtration, protection is not important here. located in kidney, air sac of lungs, heart lining, blood vessels, serosae and lymphatic vessels

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11
Q

simple cuboidal epithelia

A

single layer of cube cells. secretion and absorption. located in kidney tubules, ducts of smallglands and ovary surface

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12
Q

simple columnar epithelia

A

single layer of tall cells. secretion and absorption of mucus and enzymes. located in digestive tract, gallbladder and excretory ducts of uterus

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13
Q

stratified squamous epithelia (non keratinized)

A

protects underlying tissues from abrasion. thick membrane of several cell layers. basal cells are cuboidal/columnar and they do mitosis to replace surface cells. located in the moist linings of esophagus, mouth ad vagina

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14
Q

stratified squamous epithelia (keratinized)

A

protects underlying tissues from abrasion. thick membrane of several cell layers. basal cells are cuboidal/columnar and they do mitosis to replace surface cells. located in the skin

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15
Q

endothelium

A

type of simple squamous epithelium. provides slick, friction-reducing lining in lymphatic vessels and in cardiovascular system organs (blood vessels and heart)

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16
Q

mesothelium

A

type of simple squamous epithelium. in serous membranes, lines the ventral body cavity and covers its organs

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17
Q

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

single layer of cells with differing heights. all start at basemen membrane. located in sperm carrying ducts, ducts of large glands, trachea and upper respratory tract

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18
Q

transitional epithelium

A

type of stratified epithelia. stetch to store urine. basal cells are cuboidal or columnar, surface cells depends on stretching. located in the uterus or bladder.

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19
Q

gland

A

one or more cells that make and secrete a product, called a secretion. classified by where they release their product (encorine or exocrine) and their cell number (unicellular, multicellular)

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20
Q

secretion

A
  1. product of gland, an aqueous fluid that usually contains fluids
  2. the process glands go through to make and release this product. glands obtain substances from the blood and transform them chemically into this product
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21
Q

endocrine glands

A

secrete internally. ductless glands. structurally diverse. they produce hormones (messenger chemicals) that they secrete by exocytosis into extracellular space. hormones travel by blood to target organs and prompt these organs to respond. e.g. pituatary gland, testes, ovaries, thyroid

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22
Q

exocrine glands

A

secrete externally onto the body surface (skin) or body cavities. they are diverse. unicellular produce mucus and do not have ducts. multicellular produce sweat, oil and have ducts

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23
Q

connective tissue

A

connects all parts of body together. most abundant and widely distributed primary tissue. 3 main components: ground substance, fibers, and cells. 4 main classes: connective tissue proper (fat and fibrous tissue of ligaments), cartilage, bone and blood.

functions are: 1. binding and supporting, 2. protecting, 3. insulating, 4. storing resserve fuel and 5. transporting substances

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24
Q

ground substance

A

structural element of connective tissue. acts as a medium for nutrients to diffuse between blood capillaries and the cells. made of fluid, adhesion proteins and proteolycans. fills space between cells

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25
Q

connective tissue fibers

A

a structural element of connective tissues. these provide support. 3 types of fibers: collagen fibers, elastic fibers and reticular fibers

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26
Q

collagen fibers

A

type of connective tissue fibers. the strongest and most abundant. stronger than steel. constructed of the fibrous protein collagen

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27
Q

elastic fibers

A

type of connective tissue fibers. long, thin fibers that form branching networks in the extracellular matrix. made of protein elastin, which stretches and recoils like rubber bands. these are located where elasticity is needed (skin, lungs and blood vessel walls and aorta).

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28
Q

reticular ribers

A

type of connective tissue fibers. short branching fibers, collagenous fibers that branch extensively and form delicate fibers that surround small BV and support soft tissue of organs (in spleen). abundant where connective tissue is in contact with other tissue types

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29
Q

connective tissue cells

A

structural element of connective tissues. in extracellular matrix. help in binding, support, insulation, and protection. these exist in immature and mature forms. immature cells have the “-blast” suffix and are active cells that secrete the ground substance. mature cells have the “-cyte” suffix which are less active and maintain the health of the matrix.

other types include fat cells, white blood cells, mast cells and macrophages

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30
Q

mast cells

A

a type of connective tissue cell. they cluster around blood vessels and detect foreign microorganisms and initiate local inflammatory responses against them and secrete chemicals that mediate inflammation. release histamine

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31
Q

mesenchyme

A

a common embyonic tissue that gives rise to mature connective tissues. it arises during early weeks of embryonic development and differentiates into all types of connective tissue cells. some of these cells remain and provide a source of new cells in mature connective tissues.

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32
Q

connective tissue proper-loose connective tissues subclass

A

type of conntective tissue. these have 3 subdivisoins: areolar, adipose and reticular

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33
Q

areolar connective tissue

A

type of connective tissue proper (loose connective tissue). it is a gel-like matrix with fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells and WBC and loose arrangement of fibers. it supports and binds tissues, wraps and cushions organs. hold tissue fluids and helps defend against infections and inflammation.

widely distributed under epithelia in body. forms lamina propia of mucous membranes. package organs and surround capillaries

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34
Q

adipose tissue

A

type of connective tissue proper (loose connective tissue). it is a sparse matrix made of closely packed fat cells (adipocytes). it provides a reserve food fuel, insulation, supports/protects organs. located under the skin in subcutaneous tissue, around kidneys and eyeballs, and in abdomen and breasts.

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35
Q

reticular tissue

A

type of connective tissue proper (loose connective tissue). limited to certain sites, found in loose ground network. forms soft internal skeleton (stroma) and supports other cells (WBC,mast and macrophages). located in lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow and spleen).

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36
Q

connective tissue proper (dense connective tissue)

A

type of connective tissue proper. this has 3 sub divisions: dense regular connective tissue (often called fibrous connective tissue) and dense irregular connecive tissue and elastic connective tissue

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37
Q

dense regular connective tissue

A

type of connective tissue proper (dense connective tissue). closely packed parallel collagen fibers that withstand great resistance to being pulled. these are in tendons (attach muscles to bones) and ligaments (bind bones together at joints).most common cell is fibroblast.

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38
Q

dense irregular connective tissue

A

type of connective tissue proper (dense connective tissue). this withstands tension exerted in many directions because its arranged irregularly. provides structural strength. located at joints and skin and digestive tract. irregularly arranged collagen. main cell type is fibroblast.

39
Q

elastic connective tissue

A

type of connective tissue proper (dense connective tissue). allows tissue to recoil after strething. maintains pulsatile flow of blood through arteries. in walls of large arteries, ligaments and walls of bronchial tubes. contains elastic fibers

40
Q

cartilage

A

type of connective tissue. stands up to tension and compression. is an intermediate between dense connective tissue and bone. tough but flexible. avascular. 3 types: hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage and frbriocartilage. has gel matrix and cells inside lacunae. separated from surrounding tissues by a pericardium

41
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

type of cartilage. most abundant cartilage in the body. provides support/cushion. Fibers are not normally visible. covers ends of long bones, in the nose, ribs, trachea, larynx. forms most of embryonic skeleton

42
Q

elastic cartilage

A

type of cartilage. similar to hyaline cartilage but has more elastic fibers. maintains shape of structure while allowing great flexibility. supports external ear and epiglottis

43
Q

fibrocartilage

A

type of cartilage. provides strong support and withstands heavy pressure, very tough. absorb shock. in knee joints and intervertebral discs

44
Q

bone (osseous tissue)

A

type of connective tissue. many collagen fibers and osteocytes, supports and protects, lever for moving. stores calcium, marrow inside bones is the site for blood cell formation. highly vascularized

45
Q

blood

A

type of connective tissue. red and white blood cells in fluid matrix. transport respiratory gases, nurtients and wastes. located in blood vessels. erythrocyte (RBC) makes up half the volume

46
Q

muscle tissue

A

tissues that are highly cellular, well-vascularized and responsible for body movement. cells in these contain myofilaments (cause movement/contraction). 3 types: skeletal, cardiac and smooth

47
Q

skeletal muscle

A

type of muscle tissue. attached to bones of the skeleton. pull on bones or skin and cause body movement. also called muscle fibers. voluntary movement. have multiple nuclei and striated. contain myofilament cells

48
Q

cardiac muscle

A

type of muscle tissue. in the walls of the heart. its contractions propel blood through blood vessels. they are striated and have only one nucleus. branching cells that fit together tightly are intercalated discs

49
Q

smooth muscle

A

type of muscle tissue. no striations. have one nucleus. located in the walls of organs other than the heart. involuntary movement. move food, urine, baby.

50
Q

nervous tissue

A

main component of nervous system (brain, spinal cord and nerves). regulates and controls body functions. contains 2 major cell types: neurons and supporting cells. transmits electrical signals via axons. dendrits receive info. this is branching

51
Q

neurons

A

type of cells in nervous tissue. highly specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses. branching cells that transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors to effectors (muscles and glands) that control their activity.

52
Q

cutaneous membrane

A

organ system consisting of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium attached to a thick layer of connective tissue. it is skin that covers our body

53
Q

mucous membranes or mucosae

A

membrane that lines all body cavities open to the outside of the body. e.g. digestion and urogential tracts (these are open to external environment). these are moist membranes. communicate with the exterior of the body

54
Q

serous membranes or serosae

A

moist membranes in closed ventral body cavities. made of simple squamous epithelium resting on a loose connective (areolar) tissue. named for their site and organ associations. e.g. pleurae line the thoracic wall and cover lungs, pericardium encloses the heart and peritoneum encloses the abdominopelvic viscera. there is also a serous fluid that provides lubrication between membranes. Adhesions between abdominopelvic organs occur when this is damaged

55
Q

regeneration

A

type of tissue repair. this replaces destroyed tissue with the same kind of tissue

56
Q

fibrosis

A

type of tissue repair. permanent replacement of normal tissue by fibrous tissue. fibrous connective tissue proliferates (increase in number) to form scar tissue

57
Q

inflammation

A

first step of tissue repair. severed blood vessels bleed. inflammatory chemicals are released. local BV become more permeable (allows WBC, clotting proteins, etc) to seep into injured area. clotting occurs and surface dries and forms a scab

58
Q

organization

A

second step of tissue repair. clot is replaced by granulation tissue which restores vascular supply. fibroblasts produce collagen fibers that bridge the gap. macrophages eat dead cells. surface epithelial cells multiply and migrate over the granulation tissue

59
Q

regeneration and fibrosis

A

third and last step of tissue repair. the fibrosed area matures and contracts, the epithelium thickens. a fully regenerated epithelium that resembles adjacent skin results. there is an underlying area of scar tissue

60
Q

primary germ layers

A

one of the first events in embryonic development is the formation of these. they lie on top of each other. they are the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. they will specialize and form the 4 primary tissues: epithelium, nervous tissue, muscle and connective tissue

61
Q

ectoderm

A

type of primary germ layer. gives rise to epithelium and nervous tissue

62
Q

mesoderm

A

type of primary germ layer. gives rise to epithelium and muscle and connective tissue

63
Q

endoderm

A

type of primary germ layer. gives rise to epithelium and inner lining of digestive system

64
Q

brown fat

A

warms the body, mainly on babies who cannot shiver

65
Q

white fat

A

stores nutrients

66
Q

edema

A

caused when areolar connective tissue soaks up excess fluid in an inflamed area

67
Q

simple squamous epithelium

A

moves things along quickly, slick and slippery, does absorption. in BV, epicardium and kidneys

68
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium

A

does absorption and secretion. lies kidney tubules. in thyroid

69
Q

simple columnar epithelium

A

does absorption and secretion. cilia helps propel mucous and lines respiratory tract. non ciliated is in the digestive system (they have microvilli)

70
Q

stratified squamous epithelium

A

protects us from abrasion, chemicals, virus. it is keratinized skin. also in esophagus and vagina

71
Q

goblet cells

A

important unicellular gland. contains mucin that dissolves in water. produces mucus. golgi bodies are important to this. commonly found wedged between simple columnar epithelial cells and found within pseudostratified columnar epithelium

72
Q

occluding junction

A

stops materials from moving between cells across an epithelium.

73
Q

lamina lucida

A

A layer of glycoproteins that prevents leakage of materials from connective tissues into epithelia

74
Q

Germinative cells

A

divide continually to produce new epithelial cells

75
Q

fibroblast

A

most common cell in connective tissue proper. produce fibers in areolar connective tissues and reticular layer of the dermis. also produces collagen and protein. divide to produce mobile cells that repair the dermis. produce granulation tissue to repair skin

76
Q

macrophages

A

2 classes: fixed and free. 2 types: neutrophils and eosinophils

77
Q

Wharton’s jelly

A

a form of mucous connective tissue

78
Q

Mesenchymal cells

A

respond to injury by dividing and differentiating into fibroblasts, macrophages, or other connective tissue cells.

79
Q

pleura

A

the serous membrane lining the thoracic cavity

80
Q

deep fascia

A

dense connective tissue that surrounds muscles and blends with the tendon

81
Q

superficial fascia

A

framework of connective tissue between the skin and underlying muscles is called the

82
Q

neurons

A

they conduct a nervous impulse. when mature, they lose the ability to divide. they are separated from one another by synapses. they are composed of a soma and axon.

83
Q

axons

A

carries information electrically from one part of the body to another

84
Q

neuroglia / glial cells

A

They perform phagocytosis, support neural tissue, supply nutrients to neurons.

85
Q

dendrites

A

receive information

86
Q

brush border

A

intestinal microvilli

87
Q

lacuna

A

small pit found in bone and cartilage

88
Q

plasma

A

liquid matrix of blood

89
Q

tight junction

A

among epithelial cells lining the digestive tract

90
Q

stroma

A

The supportive internal framework of an organ (or gland or other structure), usually composed of connective tissue. can support many free blood cells in lymph nodes, spleen and bone marrow

91
Q

parenchyma

A

the functional tissue of an organ as distinguished from the connective and supporting tissue.

92
Q

merocrine glands

A

most common and secrete products by exocytosis. produce secretions such as saliva, sweat, digestive enzymes

93
Q

holocrine glands

A

accumulate products inside them until they rupture.

94
Q

apocrine glands

A

secrete by accumulating their products and pinching off portions of the apex

A & P 1 (9 decks)

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