Chapter 6 Flashcards
a policy of creating opportunities for members of certain groups as a substantive remedy for past discrimination
Affirmative action
refusal to buy certain goods or services as a way to protest policy or force political reform
Boycott
achieving racial balance by transporting students to schools across neighborhood boundaries
Busing
discrimination that is the not the result of law but tradition and habit
De Facto discrimination
efforts to make English the official language of America
English-only movements
provisions exempting from voting restrictions the descendants of those able to vote in 1867(descendants of those unable to vote in the past are now able to)
Grandfather Clauses
southern laws designed to circumvent the 13,14, and 15th amendments and to deny blacks rights on bases other than race.
Jim Crow laws
institutionalized power inequalities in society based on the perception of racial differences
Racism
the practice and policy of separation
Segregation
a heightened standard of review used by the supreme court to assess the constitutionality of laws that limit some freedoms or that makes a suspect classification
Strict scrutiny test
no state shall deny a person equal protection of laws.
Equal protection clause ( of the 14th amendment)
lawyer of the NAACP launched the idea of building law schools for blacks; 1st African American on supreme court aided by hugo black
Thurgood Marshall
reinforced voting laws, allowed attorney general to file school desegregation law suits, permitted president to deny federal money to state and local programs that practiced discrimination, prohibited public discrimination and in employment
Civil Rights Act of 1964
a series of laws in the post–civil war south designed to restrict the rights of former slaves before the passage of the 14th amendment and the 15th amendments
Black codes
citizenship rights guaranteed to the people (Amendments: 13,14,15,19, and 26
Civil rights
discrimination arising from or supported by the law
De jure discrimination
constitutional amendment passed by congress but never ratified that would have banned discrimination on the basis of gender.
Equal Rights Amendment
standard of review used by the court to evaluate laws that make a quasisuspect classification
Intermediate standard of review
tests requiring reading or comprehension skills as a qualification for voting
Literacy tests
interest group founded in 1910 to promote civil rights to African Americans
NAACP(Legal Defense Fund)
taxes levied as qualification for voting
Poll taxes
the period following the civil war during which the federal government took action to rebuild the south
Reconstruction
unwelcome sexual speech or behavior that creates a hostile work environment
Sexual harassment
classification, such as race, for which any discriminatory law must be justified by a compelling state interest
Suspect classifications
government allows for segregated facilities as long as they’re equal.
Doctrine of separate but equal
No longer had to pay a tax to vote, poll taxes become illegal.
24th Amend.
made it easier for African americans and non English speaking americans to vote, making poll taxes and literacy tests illegal.
Voting Rights Act of 1965
