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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

0
Q

Which type of muscle tissue is multinucleated?

A

Skeletal muscle tissue

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1
Q

Voluntary or involuntary?
>Cardiac muscle tissue
>Skeletal muscle tissue
>Smooth muscle tissue

A

Cardiac - involuntary

Skeletal - voluntary

Smooth - involuntary

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2
Q

Which type of muscle tissue has elongated cells?

A

Skeletal muscle tissue

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3
Q

Which type of muscle tissue is nonstriated?

A

Smooth muscle tissue

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4
Q

Where are sutural bones found?

A

Between flat bones of skull

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5
Q

Where are short bones found?

A

In wrists and ankles

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6
Q

The spinal vertebrae is composed of which types of bones?

A

Irregular bones

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7
Q

Name the structure of a long bone from the middle, out.

A

Diaphysis, metaphysis, epiphysis

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8
Q

The epiphysis is mostly what type of bone?

A

Spongy bone

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9
Q

Explain the structure of flat bone.

A

2 layers cortex(compact bone) and 1 layer diploe (spongy bone) on the inside

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10
Q

What are bone cells called?

A

Osteocytes

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11
Q

The matrix of bones is dense due to deposits of __________.

A

Calcium salts

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12
Q

What covers the outer surfaces of bones?

A

Periosteum

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13
Q

What are the inorganic components of bone matrix?

A

Calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide

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14
Q

What makes up 2/3 of bone weight

A

Calcium phosphate

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15
Q

What is the organic substance in bones?

A

Collagen fibers

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16
Q

This makes up 1/3 of bone weight

A

Collagen fibers in bones

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17
Q

Mature bone cells that make up most of the bone cell population are called ________.

A

Osteocytes

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18
Q

These cells produce new bone matrix in a process called ossification.

A

Osteoblasts

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19
Q

The mesenchymal cells in bones are called _________

A

Osteoprogenitor cells

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20
Q

Cells that remove and recycle bone matrix are called _______.

A

Osteoclasts

21
Q

Osteoclasts are in the same category as __________ and macrophages.

A

Monocytes

22
Q

Does compact bone have strength in 1 direction or many directions?

A

1 direction

23
Q

Does spongy bone have osteons?

A

No

24
Q

The matrix of spongy bone forms a network of _________.

A

Trabeculae

25
Q

The space between trabeculae in spongy bone is filled with __________.

A

Red bone marrow

26
Q

How does bone marrow in spongy bone change over a life time?

A 
Younger = more red bone marrow
Older = more yellow bone marrow
27
Q

Do trabeculae have blood vessels?

A

No

28
Q

Does red bone marrow have blood vessels?

A

Yes

29
Q

Why is yellow bone marrow yellow?

A

Because it stores fat

30
Q

How is weight distributed on bones?

A

It causes tension on one side and compression on the other

31
Q

This is an incomplete cellular layer that lines central canal and is active in bone growth and breakdown.

A

Endosteum

32
Q

Collagen fibers of periosteum are called ____________.

A

Perforating fibers

33
Q

Human bones grow until about what age?

A

25 years

34
Q

Most bones originate as _________.

A

Hyaline cartilage

35
Q

Where does primary ossification occur in bones?

A

Diaphysis (center)

36
Q

Where does secondary ossification occur?

A

Epiphysis (ends)

37
Q

Another name for intramembranous ossification is _________.

A

Dermal ossification

38
Q

What happens during exercise that creates stronger bones?

A

More osteoblasts produced than osteoclasts

39
Q

Deficiency in vitamin _____ leads to weaker bones.

A

Vitamin C

40
Q

Vitamin _____ is required for collagen synthesis.

A

Vitamin C

41
Q

Osteoblasts are stimulated by vitamin _____

A

Vitamin A

42
Q

These two hormones stimulate osteoblasts.

A

Estrogen and androgen

43
Q

_______ & ________ maintain calcium and phosphate levels to help regulate bone growth.

A

Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

44
Q

What is the effect of calcitriol on skeletal system?

A

Promote calcium and phosphate ion absorption in digestive tract.

45
Q

Which hormones stimulate osteoblast activity?

A

Sex hormones, calcitonin, growth hormone and thyroxine

46
Q

Which hormone increases calcium ion levels and which hormone decreases calcium ion levels?

A

Increase - parathyroid hormone

Decrease - calcitonin

47
Q

Which hormone stimulates osteoclast activity?

A

Parathyroid hormone

48
Q

Which hormone inhibits osteoclast activity?

A

Calcitonin

49
Q

What is the difference between osteopenia and osteoporosis?

A

Osteoporosis is much more loss of bone mass than osteopenia.

50
Q

Does osteoporosis occur more in men or women?

A

Women

51
Q

Calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide in the bone together make up what is called the _________.

A

Hydroxyapatite

Anatomy & Physiology (4 decks)

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