Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level Of Organization Flashcards by Sally Lewis

What is the difference between microvilli and cilia?

Microvilli - increase surface area. Abundant where absorption and secretion occur.

Cilia - “beat” rhythmically to move substances across cell surface. Found on lining of respiratory and reproductive tracts.

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What is the reason that skin peels off in layers rather than individual cells?

Desmosomes (strength of connection of dense areas to cytoskeleton)

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Where cilia found?

On lining of respiratory and reproductive tracts

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Where are microvilli found?

Abundant where absorption and secretion occur.

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Name 4 epithelial functions.

Provide physical protection
control permeability
Provide sensation
Provide secretion

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What is the difference in cellularity between connective and epithelial tissue?

Epithelial - more cells, less extra cellular matrix

Connective - fewer cells, more extra cellular matrix

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Epithelial tissue include ________ & _________.

Include glands and Epithelia

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What is the difference between Epithelia and glands?

Glands responsible for fluid secretion.

Epithelia are layers of cells that cover internal and external surfaces.

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What are the 4 types of tissues?

Epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous.

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Characteristics of epithelial tissue:

Cellularity (tightly packed)
Polarity (difference in apical and baselateral sides)
Attachment (base bound to basal lamina)
A vascular (lack blood vessels)
Regeneration (cell division and replacement through stem cell division)

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What type of junction isolates waste in lumen?

Tight junction

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What is the study of tissues called?

Histology

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This type of junction is responsible for intracellular communication.

Gap junction

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How are gap junctions held together?

Held together by Connexons (Channel proteins)

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What is an adhesion belt?

Form a bond that encircles and binds them in tight junctions.

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Gap junctions coordinate contractions in ________ _________.

Heart muscles

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Desmosomes prevent:

Stretching and twisting

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What are the 3 Epithelia shapes?

Squamous, cuboidal, columnar

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Name the fascia in order from closest to cutaneous membrane to further away.

Superficial fascia
deep fascia
subserous fascia

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Synovial membranes line:

Joint cavities

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Synovial membranes produce:

Fluid within joint

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What is the cutaneous membrane?

Skin

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How does the cutaneous membrane differ from serous and mucous membranes?

It’s much thicker and water proof

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What are the 3 types of cartilage?

Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

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What is the most common type of cartilage?

Hyaline

What type of cartilage is found on the auricle of the ear?

Elastic cartilage

What type of cartilage is found between pubis bones of pelvis, knee joint, and intervertebral discs?

Fibrocartilage

What type of cartilage has dense interwoven collagen fibers?

Fibrocartilage

What 2 types of cartilage are found in the knee joints?

Hyaline and fibrocartilage

What type of cartilage returns back to original shape after bending?

Elastic cartilage

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

Between ribs and sternum, part of nasal septum, trachea, bronchi

What are the 4 types of tissue membrane?

Mucous Serous Cutaneous Synovial

What is the cutaneous membrane made out of?

Stratified squamous Epithelium

What are the 3 types of serous membrane?

Pleura - covers lungs Peritoneum-covers surface of enclosed organs Pericardium - covers heart

What do mucous membranes line?

Passageways/chambers that communicate with exterior

Digestive, respiratory, reproductive, and urinary tracts are lined by _______ membrane

Mucous

What are the 2 types of cartilage growth?

Interstitial growth | Apposition all growth

Which type of cartilage growth is most important in development?

Interstitial growth

How does interstitial cartilage growth differ from appositional cartilage growth?

Interstitial - chyron dockets undergo division and daughter cells produce new matrix Appositional - cells in cellular layer of the perichondrium differentiate into chondroblasts, which secrete new matrix

How is cartilage set apart from surrounding tissues?

By perichondrium

How do desmosomes get their strength?

From connection of dense area to cytoskeleton

What are the 2 types of desmosomes?

Spot and hemidesmosomes

What is the purpose of spot desmosomes?

Stabilize cell shape, allow bending and twisting

What attaches cells to basal lamina?

Hemidesmosomes

Hemidesmosomes stabilize _______ & _____

Stabilize position and anchor to underlying tissue

Specialized types of Epithelia are sorted by:

Cell shape and number of cell layers

Where is simple epithelium found?

Regions of secretion and absorption

Simple epithelium line

Compartments and passageways

Stratified epithelium is located in areas:

Exposed to mechanical/chemical stresses Ex. Lining of mouth/skin surface

Where is transitional Epithelia found?

Urinary system

This type of Epithelia tolerates repeated cycles of stretching and recoiling w/o damage.

Transitional Epithelia

Stratified cuboidal epithelium is found:

Lining if some ducts (rare)

Where do endocrine glands release their secretions?

Into interstitial fluid

Where do exocrine glands release secretions?

Into passageways called ducts that open onto epithelial surface

What are the 3 modes of secretion?

Merocrine, apocrine, holocrine

What is the most common mode of secretion?

Merocrine secretion

In what mode of secretion does the gland get destroyed (cell bursts)?

Holocrine

Sebaceous glands perform what type of secretion?

Holocrine secretion

What type of secretion helps cool off on a hot day

Merocrine secretion

In apocrine secretion, what is lost?

Cytoplasm

Mammary glands perform what type of secretion?

Apocrine & merocrin

What are the 3 types of secretion?

Serous glands Mucous glands Mixed exocrine glands

Serous glands contain:

Enzymes

Mucous glands secrete:

Mucins

An example of mucous glands is:

Sublingual salivary glands

An example of serous glands is:

Parotid salivary gland

Submandibular salivary glands is an example of:

Mixed Exocrine glands

What are the three classifications of connective tissues?

Connective tissue proper, fluid connective tissue, supporting connective tissue.

Loose and dense connective tissues are examples of:

Connective tissue proper

What are two examples of fluid connective tissue?

Blood and lymph.

What are two examples of supporting connective tissue?

Cartilage and bone.

Areolar, adipose, and reticular connective tissue are examples of?

Loose connective tissue proper.

What are the three types of dense connective tissue proper?

Regular, irregular, elastic

The type of connective tissue that supports body weight and protects soft tissue is called?

Supporting connective tissue.

Fibroblasts are always present in what?

Connective tissue proper

Fibroblasts secrete __________, which is a polysaccharide derivative that locks epithelial tissues together.

Hyaluronan

The second most abundant fixed cell in connective tissue proper is called:

Fibrocyte

The purpose of fibrocytes is to:

Maintain connective tissue fibers.

These type of cells contain enormous lipid droplets.

Adipocytes

Adipocytes are:

Fat cells.

Another name for stem cells is:

Mesenchymal cells

What do mesenchymal cells do?

Divide to produce daughter cells.

Mesenchymal cells respond to?

Injury or infection

Large Amoeba-like cells are called?

Macrophages

What is the purpose of macrophages?

Engulf damaged cells and pathogens.

What is the difference between fixed macrophages and free macrophages?

Fixed macrophages Spend long time in tissue, while free macrophages migrate rapidly through tissues.

In mast cells, the cytoplasm has?

Histamine and heparin, which stimulate local inflammation.

What are basophils?

They are leukocytes that enter damaged tissue and enhance inflammation process. They also contain histamine and heparin.

Phagocytic blood cells are called?

Microphages

Examples of microphages are?

Neutrophils and eosinophils

Microphages respond to signals from?

Macrophages and mast cells.

What are lymphocytes?

Specialized immune cells (white blood cells)

These type of cells may develop into plasma cells, which produce antibodies.

Lymphocytes

Melanocytes are:

Cells that synthesize and store brown pigment called melanin.

What are the three types of fibers in connective tissue?

Collagen, reticular, elastic

The most common in connective tissue proper is what kind of fiber?

Collagen fibers

These type of fibers only resist force in one direction?

Collagen fibers

These type of fibers containe the protein elastin.

Elastic fibers

Fibers that are found in interconnecting vertebrae are called?

Elastic fibers

These type of fibers form an interwoven network called stroma.

Reticular fibers

What is the purpose of ground substance?

Fill spaces between cells and surround connective tissue fibers.

Why is ground substance dense?

So that bacteria cannot move through it.

Ligaments and tendons are an example of this type of fiber?

Collagen fiber

_________ form all three types of fibers by secreting protein subunits that interact in the matrix.

Fibroblasts

Why is Liposuction only temporary?

because adipose tissue can regenerate through differentiation of mesenchymal cells

Is Liposuction?

Removal of adipose tissue

Which type of adipose tissue is common in children?

Brown fat

Why is brown fat brown?

Because it is more vascularized

What happens when Brown fat is stimulated by the nervous system?

Lipid breakdown is accelerated and releases heat that is absorbed by surrounding tissue. This is how infants regulate heat.

Tight junctions occur between two _________.

Plasma membranes.

This type of junction isolates waste in the lumen.

Tight junction

What are the 2 types of desmosomes?

Spot desmosomes and hemidesmosomes

Hemidesmosomes attach cells to __________.

Basal lamina

The alveoli of lungs contain this type of tissue.

Simple squamous

This type of skin is found on surface of skin, lining of mouth, throat, esophagus, rectum, anus, and vagina.

Stratified squamous epithelium

The most abundant cell type of connective tissue proper is___________.

Fibroblasts

The most common type of connective tissue fibers are _______.

Collagen fibers

Are collagen fibers branched or unbranched?

Unbranched

Tendons and ligaments are examples of _______.

Collagen fibers

Elastin is found in these fibers.

Elastic fibers

Are elastic fibers branched or unbranched?

Branched

A network of interwoven fibers are called ________.

Stroma

These type of fibers resist force in many directions.

Reticular fibers.

Tendons attach ________.

Muscles to Bones

Ligaments connect _________.

Bone to bone

Sheets are attached to large flat muscles by

Aponeuroses