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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level Of Organization > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level Of Organization Flashcards

0
Q

What is the difference between microvilli and cilia?

A

Microvilli - increase surface area. Abundant where absorption and secretion occur.

Cilia - “beat” rhythmically to move substances across cell surface. Found on lining of respiratory and reproductive tracts.

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1
Q

What is the reason that skin peels off in layers rather than individual cells?

A

Desmosomes (strength of connection of dense areas to cytoskeleton)

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2
Q

Where cilia found?

A

On lining of respiratory and reproductive tracts

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3
Q

Where are microvilli found?

A

Abundant where absorption and secretion occur.

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4
Q

Name 4 epithelial functions.

A
  1. Provide physical protection
  2. control permeability
  3. Provide sensation
  4. Provide secretion
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5
Q

What is the difference in cellularity between connective and epithelial tissue?

A

Epithelial - more cells, less extra cellular matrix

Connective - fewer cells, more extra cellular matrix

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6
Q

Epithelial tissue include ________ & _________.

A

Include glands and Epithelia

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7
Q

What is the difference between Epithelia and glands?

A

Glands responsible for fluid secretion.

Epithelia are layers of cells that cover internal and external surfaces.

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8
Q

What are the 4 types of tissues?

A

Epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous.

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9
Q

Characteristics of epithelial tissue:

A

Cellularity (tightly packed)
Polarity (difference in apical and baselateral sides)
Attachment (base bound to basal lamina)
A vascular (lack blood vessels)
Regeneration (cell division and replacement through stem cell division)

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10
Q

What type of junction isolates waste in lumen?

A

Tight junction

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11
Q

What is the study of tissues called?

A

Histology

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12
Q

This type of junction is responsible for intracellular communication.

A

Gap junction

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13
Q

How are gap junctions held together?

A

Held together by Connexons (Channel proteins)

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14
Q

What is an adhesion belt?

A

Form a bond that encircles and binds them in tight junctions.

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15
Q

Gap junctions coordinate contractions in ________ _________.

A

Heart muscles

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16
Q

Desmosomes prevent:

A

Stretching and twisting

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17
Q

What are the 3 Epithelia shapes?

A

Squamous, cuboidal, columnar

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18
Q

Name the fascia in order from closest to cutaneous membrane to further away.

A

Superficial fascia
deep fascia
subserous fascia

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19
Q

Synovial membranes line:

A

Joint cavities

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20
Q

Synovial membranes produce:

A

Fluid within joint

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21
Q

What is the cutaneous membrane?

A

Skin

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22
Q

How does the cutaneous membrane differ from serous and mucous membranes?

A

It’s much thicker and water proof

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23
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

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24
Q

What is the most common type of cartilage?

A

Hyaline

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25
Q

What type of cartilage is found on the auricle of the ear?

A

Elastic cartilage

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26
Q

What type of cartilage is found between pubis bones of pelvis, knee joint, and intervertebral discs?

A

Fibrocartilage

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27
Q

What type of cartilage has dense interwoven collagen fibers?

A

Fibrocartilage

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28
Q

What 2 types of cartilage are found in the knee joints?

A

Hyaline and fibrocartilage

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29
Q

What type of cartilage returns back to original shape after bending?

A

Elastic cartilage

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30
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

A

Between ribs and sternum, part of nasal septum, trachea, bronchi

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31
Q

What are the 4 types of tissue membrane?

A

Mucous
Serous
Cutaneous
Synovial

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32
Q

What is the cutaneous membrane made out of?

A

Stratified squamous Epithelium

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33
Q

What are the 3 types of serous membrane?

A

Pleura - covers lungs
Peritoneum-covers surface of enclosed organs
Pericardium - covers heart

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34
Q

What do mucous membranes line?

A

Passageways/chambers that communicate with exterior

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35
Q

Digestive, respiratory, reproductive, and urinary tracts are lined by _______ membrane

A

Mucous

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36
Q

What are the 2 types of cartilage growth?

A

Interstitial growth

Apposition all growth

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37
Q

Which type of cartilage growth is most important in development?

A

Interstitial growth

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38
Q

How does interstitial cartilage growth differ from appositional cartilage growth?

A

Interstitial - chyron dockets undergo division and daughter cells produce new matrix

Appositional - cells in cellular layer of the perichondrium differentiate into chondroblasts, which secrete new matrix

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39
Q

How is cartilage set apart from surrounding tissues?

A

By perichondrium

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40
Q

How do desmosomes get their strength?

A

From connection of dense area to cytoskeleton

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41
Q

What are the 2 types of desmosomes?

A

Spot and hemidesmosomes

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42
Q

What is the purpose of spot desmosomes?

A

Stabilize cell shape, allow bending and twisting

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43
Q

What attaches cells to basal lamina?

A

Hemidesmosomes

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44
Q

Hemidesmosomes stabilize _______ & _____

A

Stabilize position and anchor to underlying tissue

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45
Q

Specialized types of Epithelia are sorted by:

A

Cell shape and number of cell layers

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46
Q

Where is simple epithelium found?

A

Regions of secretion and absorption

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47
Q

Simple epithelium line

A

Compartments and passageways

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48
Q

Stratified epithelium is located in areas:

A

Exposed to mechanical/chemical stresses

Ex. Lining of mouth/skin surface

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49
Q

Where is transitional Epithelia found?

A

Urinary system

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50
Q

This type of Epithelia tolerates repeated cycles of stretching and recoiling w/o damage.

A

Transitional Epithelia

51
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelium is found:

A

Lining if some ducts (rare)

52
Q

Where do endocrine glands release their secretions?

A

Into interstitial fluid

53
Q

Where do exocrine glands release secretions?

A

Into passageways called ducts that open onto epithelial surface

54
Q

What are the 3 modes of secretion?

A

Merocrine, apocrine, holocrine

55
Q

What is the most common mode of secretion?

A

Merocrine secretion

56
Q

In what mode of secretion does the gland get destroyed (cell bursts)?

A

Holocrine

57
Q

Sebaceous glands perform what type of secretion?

A

Holocrine secretion

58
Q

What type of secretion helps cool off on a hot day

A

Merocrine secretion

59
Q

In apocrine secretion, what is lost?

A

Cytoplasm

60
Q

Mammary glands perform what type of secretion?

A

Apocrine & merocrin

61
Q

What are the 3 types of secretion?

A

Serous glands
Mucous glands
Mixed exocrine glands

62
Q

Serous glands contain:

A

Enzymes

63
Q

Mucous glands secrete:

A

Mucins

64
Q

An example of mucous glands is:

A

Sublingual salivary glands

65
Q

An example of serous glands is:

A

Parotid salivary gland

66
Q

Submandibular salivary glands is an example of:

A

Mixed Exocrine glands

67
Q

What are the three classifications of connective tissues?

A

Connective tissue proper, fluid connective tissue, supporting connective tissue.

68
Q

Loose and dense connective tissues are examples of:

A

Connective tissue proper

69
Q

What are two examples of fluid connective tissue?

A

Blood and lymph.

70
Q

What are two examples of supporting connective tissue?

A

Cartilage and bone.

71
Q

Areolar, adipose, and reticular connective tissue are examples of?

A

Loose connective tissue proper.

72
Q

What are the three types of dense connective tissue proper?

A

Regular, irregular, elastic

73
Q

The type of connective tissue that supports body weight and protects soft tissue is called?

A

Supporting connective tissue.

74
Q

Fibroblasts are always present in what?

A

Connective tissue proper

75
Q

Fibroblasts secrete __________, which is a polysaccharide derivative that locks epithelial tissues together.

A

Hyaluronan

76
Q

The second most abundant fixed cell in connective tissue proper is called:

A

Fibrocyte

77
Q

The purpose of fibrocytes is to:

A

Maintain connective tissue fibers.

78
Q

These type of cells contain enormous lipid droplets.

A

Adipocytes

79
Q

Adipocytes are:

A

Fat cells.

80
Q

Another name for stem cells is:

A

Mesenchymal cells

81
Q

What do mesenchymal cells do?

A

Divide to produce daughter cells.

82
Q

Mesenchymal cells respond to?

A

Injury or infection

83
Q

Large Amoeba-like cells are called?

A

Macrophages

84
Q

What is the purpose of macrophages?

A

Engulf damaged cells and pathogens.

85
Q

What is the difference between fixed macrophages and free macrophages?

A

Fixed macrophages Spend long time in tissue, while free macrophages migrate rapidly through tissues.

86
Q

In mast cells, the cytoplasm has?

A

Histamine and heparin, which stimulate local inflammation.

87
Q

What are basophils?

A

They are leukocytes that enter damaged tissue and enhance inflammation process. They also contain histamine and heparin.

88
Q

Phagocytic blood cells are called?

A

Microphages

89
Q

Examples of microphages are?

A

Neutrophils and eosinophils

90
Q

Microphages respond to signals from?

A

Macrophages and mast cells.

91
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

Specialized immune cells (white blood cells)

92
Q

These type of cells may develop into plasma cells, which produce antibodies.

A

Lymphocytes

93
Q

Melanocytes are:

A

Cells that synthesize and store brown pigment called melanin.

94
Q

What are the three types of fibers in connective tissue?

A

Collagen, reticular, elastic

95
Q

The most common in connective tissue proper is what kind of fiber?

A

Collagen fibers

96
Q

These type of fibers only resist force in one direction?

A

Collagen fibers

97
Q

These type of fibers containe the protein elastin.

A

Elastic fibers

98
Q

Fibers that are found in interconnecting vertebrae are called?

A

Elastic fibers

99
Q

These type of fibers form an interwoven network called stroma.

A

Reticular fibers

100
Q

What is the purpose of ground substance?

A

Fill spaces between cells and surround connective tissue fibers.

101
Q

Why is ground substance dense?

A

So that bacteria cannot move through it.

102
Q

Ligaments and tendons are an example of this type of fiber?

A

Collagen fiber

103
Q

_________ form all three types of fibers by secreting protein subunits that interact in the matrix.

A

Fibroblasts

104
Q

Why is Liposuction only temporary?

A

because adipose tissue can regenerate through differentiation of mesenchymal cells

105
Q

Is Liposuction?

A

Removal of adipose tissue

106
Q

Which type of adipose tissue is common in children?

A

Brown fat

107
Q

Why is brown fat brown?

A

Because it is more vascularized

108
Q

What happens when Brown fat is stimulated by the nervous system?

A

Lipid breakdown is accelerated and releases heat that is absorbed by surrounding tissue. This is how infants regulate heat.

109
Q

Tight junctions occur between two _________.

A

Plasma membranes.

110
Q

This type of junction isolates waste in the lumen.

A

Tight junction

111
Q

What are the 2 types of desmosomes?

A

Spot desmosomes and hemidesmosomes

112
Q

Hemidesmosomes attach cells to __________.

A

Basal lamina

113
Q

The alveoli of lungs contain this type of tissue.

A

Simple squamous

114
Q

This type of skin is found on surface of skin, lining of mouth, throat, esophagus, rectum, anus, and vagina.

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

115
Q

The most abundant cell type of connective tissue proper is___________.

A

Fibroblasts

116
Q

The most common type of connective tissue fibers are _______.

A

Collagen fibers

117
Q

Are collagen fibers branched or unbranched?

A

Unbranched

118
Q

Tendons and ligaments are examples of _______.

A

Collagen fibers

119
Q

Elastin is found in these fibers.

A

Elastic fibers

120
Q

Are elastic fibers branched or unbranched?

A

Branched

121
Q

A network of interwoven fibers are called ________.

A

Stroma

122
Q

These type of fibers resist force in many directions.

A

Reticular fibers.

123
Q

Tendons attach ________.

A

Muscles to Bones

124
Q

Ligaments connect _________.

A

Bone to bone

125
Q

Sheets are attached to large flat muscles by

A

Aponeuroses

Anatomy & Physiology (4 decks)

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