Chapter 6 Flashcards
Alveolar duct
Entry to an alveolus, one of the microscopic air sacs of lungs
Alveoli
(singular = alveolus) Microscopic air sacs whose moist surfaces are the sites of gas exchange in the lung
Ammonia
highly soluble form of nitrogen-containing waste produced by some aquatic organisms belonging to class Cephalopoda
Angioplasty
A technique in which a fine catheter is inserted into arteries to remove a blockage caused by a build-up of fatty deposits
Aorta
The major artery that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to body tissues
Atrium
Chamber of vertebrate heart that receives blood from veins; also called auricle
Bladder
Muscular organ that stores urine
Blood circularity system
The mechanism that delivers nutrients and oxygen to all cells of a multicellular organism
Bowman’s capsule
Part of a nephron surrounding a glomerulus in the kidney
Bronchi
(singular = bronchus) airways in the lung, branching from the trachea
Closed circulatory system
Type of circulatory system in which blood remains in vessels throughout its circulation
Cohesion
The tendency of molecules of the same kind to stick together
Countercurrent
Situation in which two fluid systems flowing adjacent to each other, but in opposite directions, enables the transfer of heat or compounds from one system to the other by diffusion
Diffusion
Net movement of a substance from an area of high concentration of the substance to an area of lower concentration by a process that does not require energy
Erythrocytes
Red blood cells
Excretion
Elimination of waste products produced within and by the cell(s) of an organism
Flaccid
State of limpness of a cell because of water loss
Gaseous exchange
The movement of oxygen into the blood and the exit of carbon dioxide from the blood
Gills
Out-folded structures for gas exchange present in many aquatic animals including fish, sharks and lampreys
Glomerulus
Cluster of capillaries inside the Bowman’s capsule of a nephron
Glycogen
Polysaccharide that is the storage carbohydrate in liver and muscle tissue
Guard cells
Specialised cells that control the opening of pores (stomata), typically present in the epidermis of leaves
Heart
Muscular organ that pumps blood
Hypertonic
Refers to a solution having a higher concentration of dissolved substances than the solution to which it is compared
Hypotonic
Refers to a solution having a lower concentration of dissolved substances than the solution to which it is compared
Isotonic
Refers to a solution having the same concentration of dissolved substances as the solution to which it is compared
Kidneys
Excretory organs that filter wastes, mainly nitrogenous, from the blood and form urine
Lamellae
Thin plate-like structures that are the gas- exchange surfaces of gill filaments in fish
Larynx
Chamber containing vocal cords located between the pharynx and the trachea; also known as the voice box
Leucocytes
White blood cells
Loop of Henle
Section of tubule in a nephron where urine becomes concentrated by removal of water
Lungs
Organs consisting of infolded sacs that are present in land vertebrates and which function in gas exchange
Lymphatic system
Network of lymph vessels and lymph nodes
Malpighian tubules
Excretory organs of insects and spiders; blind ending tubules that empty into the gut
Nephrons
Functional units of a kidney
Nitrogenous wastes
Nitrogen-containing waste compounds such as urea and uric acid
Open circulatory system
Circulatory system in which blood is contained in vessels for only part of its circuit
Operculum
In fish, the flaps covering the gills; in molluscs, a hard impermeable lid that closes the shell, making a watertight compartment for the animal inside
Phagocytic
Describes the bulk movement of solid material into cells
Pharynx
Area of the throat that leads to both the oesophagus and the larynx
Phloem
Vascular tissue in plants that transports sugar (mainly sucrose) and other organic compounds
Producers
Photosynthetic organisms and chemosynthetic bacteria that, given a source of energy, can build organic matter from simple inorganic substances
Pulmonary artery
Major artery that carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs
Pulmonary veins
Major veins that return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
Respiratory system
Organ system that carries out gas exchange; includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs
Sphincters
Rings of smooth muscle able to relax and contract and so permit or restrict flow of material into or out of a cavity
Spiracles
In an insect, openings on the body that lead into a series of tubes (called trachea) that transport oxygen to cells
Stem cells
Cells with the capacity to reproduce themselves and then differentiate into either one or different kinds of cells; in bone marrow, a type of cell that reproduces and differentiates into the different kinds of blood cells
Stoma
(plural = stomata) an opening, typically on a leaf surface, through which water vapour and carbon dioxide can move
Tissue fluid
Fluid that bathes the surface of cells within a multicellular organism
Trachea
In terrestrial vertebrates, tube leading from the larynx to the bronchi, and also called the windpipe; in insects, air-filled tubes leading from spiracle openings into the body
Tracheoles
In insects, narrow tubes branching from trachea and making direct contact with cells to facilitate diffusion of oxygen
Translocation
Transport of organic material, including sugars, through the phloem of a vascular plant
Tubule
Minute tubular structure in the kidneys
Turgid
State of a cell that is firm because of water uptake
Urea
Nitrogen-containing waste product typically produced by mammals
Ureter
Tubes that transport urine from kidney to bladder
Urethra
Tube that transports urine from the bladder to the exterior and, in males, also transports sperm
Uric acid
A nitrogen-containing waste product typically produced by birds
Urinary sytem
System primarily responsible for water, salts and acid-base balance and removal of nitrogenous wastes; includes kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra
Urine
Liquid waste filtered from the blood by the kidneys
Vascular tissue
Plant tissue specialised for transport of nutrients, water and minerals, and which provides a plant with support
Veins
Relatively thin-walled blood vessels that transport blood back to the heart from tissues; vascular tissue in a leaf
Ventricle
Heart chamber that pumps blood out of the heart
Venules
Small blood vessels joining capillaries to a vein
Xylem
Vascular tissue that transports water and minerals throughout a plant and which provides a plant with support
