Chapter 2 Flashcards
Active Transport
movement of dissolved substance across a plasma membrane in an energy-requiring process that results in a net movement of that substance against a concentration gradient from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
compound that is the common source of chemical energy for cells and whose structure comprises one adenosine molecule and three phosphate molecules
Organelles Common to Plant and Animal Cells
Smooth and Rough ER Nucleus Golgi Body Cytosol/Cytoplasm Mitochondria Ribosomes Nucleolus Cell Membrane Nuclear Membrane Vacuole - small in animals, one large in plants
Animal Cell Organelles (not in plants)
Lysosomes Flagella Cilia Centriole Microvilli
Plant Cell Organelles (not in animal cells)
Chloroplasts
Cellulose Cell Wall
Apoptosis
the natural death of cells, also called programmed cell death
Cell Membrane
partially permeable boundary of a cell that separates it from its physical surroundings; also known as plasma membrane
Cell wall
semi-rigid structure located outside the plasma membrane in cells of plants, algae, fungi and bacteria
Cellular respiration
process of converting chemical energy of food into a form usable by cells, typically ATP
Cellulose
complex carbohydrate composed of chains of glucose molecules; the main component of plant cell walls
Chlorophylls
green pigment required for photosynthesis that traps the radiant energy of sunlight
Chloroplasts
chlorophyll-containing organelles that occur in the cytosol of cells of specific plant tissues
Chromatin
stained material in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell
Cilia
(singular = cilium) in eukaryote cells, whip- like structures formed by extensions of the plasma membrane involved in synchronised movement
Cytoskeleton
network of filaments within a cell
Cytosol
Fluid contents only of a eukaryotic cell
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Cell organelle consisting of a system of membrane-bound channels that transport substances within the cell
Eukaryotic cells
Describes cells that have a membrane- bound nucleus
Exocytosis
Movement of material out of cells via vesicles in the cytoplasm
Animal cell
Cells which are multi-cellular, eukaryotic, have no cell walls and are heterotrophic.
Deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA
Nucleic acid that contains the genetic information and which is organised into chromosomes in eukaryotic cells
Diffusion
The net movement of a substance from an area of high concentration of the substance to an area of lower concentration by a process that does not require energy
Endocytosis
Bulk movement of solids or liquids into a cell by engulfment
Facilitated diffusion
Form of diffusion involving a specific carrier molecule for the substance that diffuses
Grana
(singular = granum) stacks of membranes on which chlorophyll is located in chloroplasts
Hydrophilic
refers to substances that dissolve easily in water; also called polar
Hypertonic
refers to a solution having a higher concentration of dissolved substances than the solution to which it is compared
Hypotonic
refers to a solution having a lower concentration of dissolved substances than the solution to which it is compared
Isotonic
refers to a solution having the same concentration of dissolved substances as the solution to which it is compared
Lipophilic
refers to a substance that will dissolve in or mix uniformly with lipids
Microtubules
part of the supporting structure or cytoskeleton of a cell, made of subunits of the protein tubulin
Osmosis
net movement of water across a partially permeable membrane without an input of energy and down a concentration gradient
Partially permeable
describes a boundary that allows only some materials to pass through it; sometimes termed semi-permeable
Plant cell
Plant cells are cells which are eukaryotic, have cell walls made from cellulose, multicellular and are autotrophic.
Stroma
in chloroplasts, the semi-fluid substance between the grana and which contains enzymes for some of the reactions of photosynthesis
Surface-area-to-volume
ratio (SA:V ratio)
A measure that identifies the number of units of surface area available to ‘serve’ each unit of internal volume of a cell, tissues or organism
Vesicle
membrane-bound sac found within a cell, typically fluid-filled; for example, lysosome
