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Biology Unit 1 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Active Transport

A

movement of dissolved substance across a plasma membrane in an energy-requiring process that results in a net movement of that substance against a concentration gradient from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration

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2
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A

compound that is the common source of chemical energy for cells and whose structure comprises one adenosine molecule and three phosphate molecules

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3
Q

Organelles Common to Plant and Animal Cells

A 
Smooth and Rough ER 
Nucleus
Golgi Body
Cytosol/Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Nucleolus
Cell Membrane
Nuclear Membrane
Vacuole - small in animals, one large in plants
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4
Q

Animal Cell Organelles (not in plants)

A 
Lysosomes
Flagella
Cilia
Centriole
Microvilli
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5
Q

Plant Cell Organelles (not in animal cells)

A

Chloroplasts

Cellulose Cell Wall

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6
Q

Apoptosis

A

the natural death of cells, also called programmed cell death

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7
Q

Cell Membrane

A

partially permeable boundary of a cell that separates it from its physical surroundings; also known as plasma membrane

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8
Q

Cell wall

A

semi-rigid structure located outside the plasma membrane in cells of plants, algae, fungi and bacteria

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9
Q

Cellular respiration

A

process of converting chemical energy of food into a form usable by cells, typically ATP

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10
Q

Cellulose

A

complex carbohydrate composed of chains of glucose molecules; the main component of plant cell walls

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11
Q

Chlorophylls

A

green pigment required for photosynthesis that traps the radiant energy of sunlight

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12
Q

Chloroplasts

A

chlorophyll-containing organelles that occur in the cytosol of cells of specific plant tissues

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13
Q

Chromatin

A

stained material in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell

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14
Q

Cilia

A

(singular = cilium) in eukaryote cells, whip- like structures formed by extensions of the plasma membrane involved in synchronised movement

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15
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

network of filaments within a cell

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16
Q

Cytosol

A

Fluid contents only of a eukaryotic cell

17
Q 
Endoplasmic reticulum
(ER)
A

Cell organelle consisting of a system of membrane-bound channels that transport substances within the cell

18
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

Describes cells that have a membrane- bound nucleus

19
Q

Exocytosis

A

Movement of material out of cells via vesicles in the cytoplasm

20
Q

Animal cell

A

Cells which are multi-cellular, eukaryotic, have no cell walls and are heterotrophic.

21
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid

DNA

A

Nucleic acid that contains the genetic information and which is organised into chromosomes in eukaryotic cells

22
Q

Diffusion

A

The net movement of a substance from an area of high concentration of the substance to an area of lower concentration by a process that does not require energy

23
Q

Endocytosis

A

Bulk movement of solids or liquids into a cell by engulfment

24
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Form of diffusion involving a specific carrier molecule for the substance that diffuses

25
Q

Grana

A

(singular = granum) stacks of membranes on which chlorophyll is located in chloroplasts

26
Q

Hydrophilic

A

refers to substances that dissolve easily in water; also called polar

27
Q

Hypertonic

A

refers to a solution having a higher concentration of dissolved substances than the solution to which it is compared

28
Q

Hypotonic

A

refers to a solution having a lower concentration of dissolved substances than the solution to which it is compared

29
Q

Isotonic

A

refers to a solution having the same concentration of dissolved substances as the solution to which it is compared

30
Q

Lipophilic

A

refers to a substance that will dissolve in or mix uniformly with lipids

31
Q

Microtubules

A

part of the supporting structure or cytoskeleton of a cell, made of subunits of the protein tubulin

32
Q

Osmosis

A

net movement of water across a partially permeable membrane without an input of energy and down a concentration gradient

33
Q

Partially permeable

A

describes a boundary that allows only some materials to pass through it; sometimes termed semi-permeable

34
Q

Plant cell

A

Plant cells are cells which are eukaryotic, have cell walls made from cellulose, multicellular and are autotrophic.

35
Q

Stroma

A

in chloroplasts, the semi-fluid substance between the grana and which contains enzymes for some of the reactions of photosynthesis

36
Q

Surface-area-to-volume

ratio (SA:V ratio)

A

A measure that identifies the number of units of surface area available to ‘serve’ each unit of internal volume of a cell, tissues or organism

37
Q

Vesicle

A

membrane-bound sac found within a cell, typically fluid-filled; for example, lysosome

Biology Unit 1 (5 decks)

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