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Anatomy & Physiology Lecture > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

0
Q

Storage of minerals

A

Calcium homeostasis- keeps calcium regular (very important)

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1
Q
  1. Support
  2. Storage of minerals & lipids
  3. Blood cell production
  4. Protection
  5. Leverage
A

Skeletal system has 5 primary functions. What are they?

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2
Q

Blood cells production

A

Red marrow

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3
Q

Leverage

A

Force of motion

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4
Q

Storage of lipids

A

Yellow marrow

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5
Q

Sutural bones (description)

A

Small flat and oddly shaped bones

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6
Q

Sutural bones (examples)

A

Sutural bone and sutures

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7
Q

Irregular bones (description)

A

Complex shapes with short flat, notched or ridged surfaces

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8
Q

Irregular bones (examples)

A

Vertibrae and pelvis

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9
Q

Short bones (description)

A

Boxlike

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10
Q

Short bones (examples)

A

Carpal and tarsal

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11
Q

Flat bones (description)

A

Thin parallel surfaces

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12
Q

Flat bones (examples)

A

Skull, sternum, ribs and scapula

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13
Q

Long bones (description)

A

Long and slender

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14
Q

Long bones (examples)

A

Limb bones (humerus, phalanges, arm, palms, soles) etc

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15
Q

Sesamoid bones (description)

A

Small, round and flat

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16
Q

Sesamoid bones (examples)

A

Bones that develop inside tendon

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17
Q

Process and ramus

A

Part that sticks out

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18
Q

Process

A

Projection or bump

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19
Q

Ramus

A

Extension of bone that forms an angle with the rest of the structure

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20
Q 
1- foremen 
2- canal
3- fissure 
4- meats
5- sinus
A

Openings

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21
Q

Forman

A

Rounded passageway for blood vessels and/or nerves

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22
Q

Canal

A

Duct or channel

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23
Q

Fissure

A

Deep furrow, cleft or split

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24
Q

Sinus

A

Chamber within a bone “narrow filled with air”

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25
Q

Meatus

A

Passage or channel, especially of canal

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26
Q 
1- trochanter 
2- crest
3- spine
4- line
5- tubercle
6- tuberosity
A

Area of tendon/ligament attachment

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27
Q

Trochanter

A

Large/rough part

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28
Q

Crest

A

Prominent ridge

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29
Q

Spine

A

Pointed process

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30
Q

Line

A

Low ridge

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31
Q

Tubercle

A

Small, rounded projection

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32
Q

Tuberosity

A

Rough projection

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33
Q
  • head
  • neck
  • condyle
  • trochlea
A

Joint surfaces

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34
Q

Head

A

Expanded articular end of epiphysis, often from shaft by narrower neck

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35
Q

Neck

A

Narrow connection between the epiphysis and diaphysis

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36
Q

Condyle

A

Smooth rounded articular process

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37
Q

Trochlea

A

Smooth grooves articular process shaped like pulley

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38
Q

Facet

A

Small flat articular surface

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39
Q

Fossa

Sulcus

A

Depression

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40
Q

Fossa

A

Shallow depression

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41
Q

Sulcus

A

Narrow groove

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42
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft of long bone

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43
Q

Epiphysis

A

End (where joint surfaces are)

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44
Q

Metaphysis

A

Between diaphysis and epiphysis. Location of epiphysis plates

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45
Q

Compact bone

A

Dense. Solid superficial layer

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46
Q

Medullary/ marrow cavity

A

Protective layer that surrounds central space

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47
Q

Spongy bone

A

Not compact bone (in epiphyses)

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48
Q

Cortex

A

Same of compact bone but in flat bones

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49
Q

2/3 calcium phosphate / calcium hydroxide

A

Bone matrix is ~_ ___ ___. Which reacts with __ __.

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50
Q

Inorganic crystals of hydroxyapatite

A

These react to form __________

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51
Q

Also incorporates are calcium ___ and ions of __, ___, and ___.

A

Salts, sodium, magnesium, and fluoride

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52
Q

The other ~1/3 of bone matrix is the __ __ ___ fibers.

A

Organic protein collagen

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53
Q

Compression/ bending and twisting

A

Calcium crystals can withstand __ but not __.

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54
Q

Twisting and bending / compression

A

Collagen fibers can withstand __ but not __.

55
Q

enlarges

A

the cartilage model __, developing calcified struts around empty cavities

56
Q

Cells ~2%

A

Which are made by the ___. The cells make up __ of bone mass.

57
Q

perichondrium , osteoblasts, appositional

A

blood vessels grow into the __ differentiating the chondroblast’s into __ that start making bone via ___ growth

58
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

in endochondral ossification, bone replaces an existing __ __ model.

59
Q

O- bone formations involves calcification

C- laying down of calcium salts

A

difference between ossification and calcification

59
Q

primary ossification center

A

a __ __ __ is formed in the center of the diaphysis when invading blood vessels bring along fibroblasts that differentiate into osteoblasts

59
Q

osteoclasts

A

___ eat the spongy bone in the center of the diaphysis (forming the medullary cavity) as the bone grows via appositional growth

59
Q

secondary ossification center, epiphysis

A

__ __ __ are formed in the two __ when blood vessels and osteblasts migrate in.

59
Q

Lamella

A

Layers of bone matrix

59
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Produce in new bone matrix. Only produce organic portion. Immature

60
Q

articular cartilage, epiphysis plates

A

as the secondary ossification centers fill the epiphysis with spongy bone, the original hyaline cartilage model is retained at the tips of the bones as __ __ and at the metaphyses as the __ __.

60
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature vine cells in lacunae

60
Q

Ossification/ osteogenesis

A

Production of new bone matrix

61
Q

length

A

the bone grows in __ by adding cartilage to the epiphyseal plate at the same time the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate is turned to bone.

61
Q

Osteoid

A

New bone matrix

61
Q

Canaliculi

A

Narrow cytoplasmic extension. Passage ways so cells can exchange nutrients/waste

62
Q

Osteogenetic / osteoprogenitor cells

A

Bone stem cells divide to make osteocytes

63
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Break down bone. Enormous multinuclear cells contain acids and prodiolotic enzyme.

64
Q

Osteolysis / resorption

A

Breaking down bone. Osteoclasts eating bone

65
Q

1- participate in repaid of damages bone

2- maintain protein & mineral content of the surrounding matrix

A

2 main functions of osteocytes

66
Q

Osteon

A

Structural unit of mature compact bone

67
Q

Central canal

A

Center of Osteon

68
Q

Perforating canal

A

From outside-carries blood to central canal

69
Q

Concentric lamellae

A

Layer of bullseye around central canal

70
Q

Interstitial lamellae

A

Layers in between osteons (outside)

71
Q

Circumferential lamella

A

Layers of matrix around circumference of bone

72
Q

Trabeculae

A

Meshwork of supporting fibers in spongy bone

73
Q

Makes red blood cells

A

Function of red bone marrow?

74
Q

Epiphysis of long bones inside sternum inside ilium

A

Where is it located?

75
Q

Fat storage

A

Function of yellow bone marrow?

76
Q

Stress

A

Bone is laid down along lines of __.

77
Q

Isolates bone, bone growth/repair route for blood/lymph vessels

A

3 functions of periosteum

78
Q

CT that holds the bone in place

A

& Continuos with both the

79
Q

Marrow cavities and central canals

A

Endosteum is located

80
Q

Bone growth, repair, remodeling

A

Endosteum functions to

81
Q

Osteoblasts, -cytes, -genitor cells

A

& contains:

82
Q

remain the same width

A

this means the epiphyseal plates __ ___ __ during bone growth, until puberty.

93
Q

hormone and thyroxine. epiphyseal plates

A

what structures allow the bones to grow in length

94
Q

osteoblasts, osteoclasts, marrow

A

the __ in the periosteum add layers of bone superficially while __ remove bone, enlarging the __ cavity

95
Q

diameter

A

this allows bone to grow larger in __

96
Q

dermal, mandible, skull and clavicle

A

intramembranous ossification produces flat __ bones such as the __, __ and __.

97
Q

extensive blood supply

A

in order for bones to grow and be maintained,, they require

98
Q

network of lymphatic vessels and sensory nerves

A

the perisoteum contains:

99
Q

blood vessels, nerves, and lymph vessels

A

central and perforating canals contain

100
Q

neurovascular bundles

A

nerves and vessels. blood vessels and lymphatic vessels and nerves run together in bundles.

101
Q

recycling and renewing bone matrix

A

what is bone remodeling?

102
Q

every 5 years (1/5)

A

turnover rate in bone

103
Q

no (2-3 times a year, unchanged)

A

is all bone remodeled at the same time?

104
Q

lead, strontium, cobalt, radioactive uranium and piutonium.

A

list heavy metals and explain how they can interact with the skeletal system

105
Q

osteoclasts eat away and release into blood. 50 years later causing cancer/damage

A

radioactive compounds are especially dangerous because

106
Q

ossification center / spicules

A

ossification begins at __ _ and radiates out in __.

107
Q

blood vessels

A

__ __ grow in the area

108
Q

periosteum. fibrous, cellular

A

the bone develops __. An outer __ layer and inner __ layer

109
Q

electric fields, osteoblasts

A

when bone is stressed, the crystals give off a small __ __ which attracts __ .

110
Q

thicker& stronger, thin & brittle

A

heavily stressed bones become __&__. while unstressed bones become __&__.

111
Q

a few weeks

A

how long does it take to lose 1/3 of bone mass due to inactivity

112
Q

99

A

what % of bodys calcium is stored in the bones?

113
Q

39

A

what % of the bone is composed of calcium?

114
Q

blood calcium levels affect the heart

A

why is calcium homeostasis so important

115
Q

parathyroid, calcitonin

A

the hormones __ hormone and ___ maintain calcium homeostasis.

116
Q

bones, digestive tract, kidneys

A

together they control (Ca2+) storage (in the __), absorption (from food in the __ __), and excretion (into urine by the __)

117
Q

low, parathyroid, increase

A

when blood (Ca2+) is too __, the __ glands release parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTH functions to __ blood calcium levels.

118
Q

1- stimulate osteoclasts
2- increase Ca2+ absorption
3- decrease Ca2+ excretion

A

PTH increases blood calcium levels by:

119
Q

high, thyroid

A

when Ca2+ is too __, the __ gland secretes calcitonin.

120
Q

decrease. 1- inhibit osteoclasts

2- increase Ca2+ excretion

A

calcitonin functions to _ blood levels by:

121
Q

bones weaken-losing

bones denser and stronger- gaining

A

what are the effects of losing and gaining calcium in the bones

122
Q

osteomatlacia

A

bones soft and flexible

123
Q

rickets

A

lack of Vitamin D3 in Kids.

124
Q

closed/simple fx

A

completely internal

125
Q

open/compound fx

A

goes through skin (bleeding, infection)

126
Q

transverse fx

A

breaks shaft across axis

127
Q

displaced vs nondisplaced fx

A

fracture moved/ fracture unmoved

128
Q

compression fx

A

in older people. Bones crush under body weight

129
Q

spiral fx

A

twistin (skiing)

130
Q

epiphyseal fx

A

along epiphyseal plate or line

131
Q

comminuted fx

A

shattered (lots of little pieces)

132
Q

greenstick fx

A

little part broken not all (like a stick)

133
Q

colles fx

A

land on arm, kinda crumbled. distal radius shattered

134
Q

potts fx

A

only at end and effect tibia and fibula

135
Q

ostopenia

A

inadequate ossification (weak bone)

136
Q

osteoporosis

A

reduction in bone mass is sufficient to compromise normal function

137
Q

sex hormones go down after menopause

A

why do women have higher rates of osteoporosis than men

Anatomy & Physiology Lecture (4 decks)

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