Chapter 6 Flashcards
0
Q
Storage of minerals
A
Calcium homeostasis- keeps calcium regular (very important)
1
Q
- Support
- Storage of minerals & lipids
- Blood cell production
- Protection
- Leverage
A
Skeletal system has 5 primary functions. What are they?
2
Q
Blood cells production
A
Red marrow
3
Q
Leverage
A
Force of motion
4
Q
Storage of lipids
A
Yellow marrow
5
Q
Sutural bones (description)
A
Small flat and oddly shaped bones
6
Q
Sutural bones (examples)
A
Sutural bone and sutures
7
Q
Irregular bones (description)
A
Complex shapes with short flat, notched or ridged surfaces
8
Q
Irregular bones (examples)
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Vertibrae and pelvis
9
Q
Short bones (description)
A
Boxlike
10
Q
Short bones (examples)
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Carpal and tarsal
11
Q
Flat bones (description)
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Thin parallel surfaces
12
Q
Flat bones (examples)
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Skull, sternum, ribs and scapula
13
Q
Long bones (description)
A
Long and slender
14
Q
Long bones (examples)
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Limb bones (humerus, phalanges, arm, palms, soles) etc
15
Q
Sesamoid bones (description)
A
Small, round and flat
16
Q
Sesamoid bones (examples)
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Bones that develop inside tendon
17
Q
Process and ramus
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Part that sticks out
18
Q
Process
A
Projection or bump
19
Q
Ramus
A
Extension of bone that forms an angle with the rest of the structure
20
Q
1- foremen 2- canal 3- fissure 4- meats 5- sinus
A
Openings
21
Q
Forman
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Rounded passageway for blood vessels and/or nerves
22
Q
Canal
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Duct or channel
23
Q
Fissure
A
Deep furrow, cleft or split
24
Sinus
Chamber within a bone "narrow filled with air"
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Meatus
Passage or channel, especially of canal
26
```
1- trochanter
2- crest
3- spine
4- line
5- tubercle
6- tuberosity
```
Area of tendon/ligament attachment
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Trochanter
Large/rough part
28
Crest
Prominent ridge
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Spine
Pointed process
30
Line
Low ridge
31
Tubercle
Small, rounded projection
32
Tuberosity
Rough projection
33
- head
- neck
- condyle
- trochlea
Joint surfaces
34
Head
Expanded articular end of epiphysis, often from shaft by narrower neck
35
Neck
Narrow connection between the epiphysis and diaphysis
36
Condyle
Smooth rounded articular process
37
Trochlea
Smooth grooves articular process shaped like pulley
38
Facet
Small flat articular surface
39
Fossa
| Sulcus
Depression
40
Fossa
Shallow depression
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Sulcus
Narrow groove
42
Diaphysis
Shaft of long bone
43
Epiphysis
End (where joint surfaces are)
44
Metaphysis
Between diaphysis and epiphysis. Location of epiphysis plates
45
Compact bone
Dense. Solid superficial layer
46
Medullary/ marrow cavity
Protective layer that surrounds central space
47
Spongy bone
Not compact bone (in epiphyses)
48
Cortex
Same of compact bone but in flat bones
49
2/3 calcium phosphate / calcium hydroxide
Bone matrix is ~_ ___ ___. Which reacts with __ __.
50
Inorganic crystals of hydroxyapatite
These react to form __________
51
Also incorporates are calcium ___ and ions of __, ___, and ___.
Salts, sodium, magnesium, and fluoride
52
The other ~1/3 of bone matrix is the __ __ ___ fibers.
Organic protein collagen
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Compression/ bending and twisting
Calcium crystals can withstand __ but not __.
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Twisting and bending / compression
Collagen fibers can withstand __ but not __.
55
enlarges
the cartilage model __, developing calcified struts around empty cavities
56
Cells ~2%
Which are made by the ___. The cells make up __ of bone mass.
57
perichondrium , osteoblasts, appositional
blood vessels grow into the __ differentiating the chondroblast's into __ that start making bone via ___ growth
58
hyaline cartilage
in endochondral ossification, bone replaces an existing __ __ model.
59
O- bone formations involves calcification
| C- laying down of calcium salts
difference between ossification and calcification
59
primary ossification center
a __ __ __ is formed in the center of the diaphysis when invading blood vessels bring along fibroblasts that differentiate into osteoblasts
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osteoclasts
___ eat the spongy bone in the center of the diaphysis (forming the medullary cavity) as the bone grows via appositional growth
59
secondary ossification center, epiphysis
__ __ __ are formed in the two __ when blood vessels and osteblasts migrate in.
59
Lamella
Layers of bone matrix
59
Osteoblasts
Produce in new bone matrix. Only produce organic portion. Immature
60
articular cartilage, epiphysis plates
as the secondary ossification centers fill the epiphysis with spongy bone, the original hyaline cartilage model is retained at the tips of the bones as __ __ and at the metaphyses as the __ __.
60
Osteocytes
Mature vine cells in lacunae
60
Ossification/ osteogenesis
Production of new bone matrix
61
length
the bone grows in __ by adding cartilage to the epiphyseal plate at the same time the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate is turned to bone.
61
Osteoid
New bone matrix
61
Canaliculi
Narrow cytoplasmic extension. Passage ways so cells can exchange nutrients/waste
62
Osteogenetic / osteoprogenitor cells
Bone stem cells divide to make osteocytes
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Osteoclasts
Break down bone. Enormous multinuclear cells contain acids and prodiolotic enzyme.
64
Osteolysis / resorption
Breaking down bone. Osteoclasts eating bone
65
1- participate in repaid of damages bone
| 2- maintain protein & mineral content of the surrounding matrix
2 main functions of osteocytes
66
Osteon
Structural unit of mature compact bone
67
Central canal
Center of Osteon
68
Perforating canal
From outside-carries blood to central canal
69
Concentric lamellae
Layer of bullseye around central canal
70
Interstitial lamellae
Layers in between osteons (outside)
71
Circumferential lamella
Layers of matrix around circumference of bone
72
Trabeculae
Meshwork of supporting fibers in spongy bone
73
Makes red blood cells
Function of red bone marrow?
74
Epiphysis of long bones inside sternum inside ilium
Where is it located?
75
Fat storage
Function of yellow bone marrow?
76
Stress
Bone is laid down along lines of __.
77
Isolates bone, bone growth/repair route for blood/lymph vessels
3 functions of periosteum
78
CT that holds the bone in place
& Continuos with both the
79
Marrow cavities and central canals
Endosteum is located
80
Bone growth, repair, remodeling
Endosteum functions to
81
Osteoblasts, -cytes, -genitor cells
& contains:
82
remain the same width
this means the epiphyseal plates __ ___ __ during bone growth, until puberty.
93
hormone and thyroxine. epiphyseal plates
what structures allow the bones to grow in length
94
osteoblasts, osteoclasts, marrow
the __ in the periosteum add layers of bone superficially while __ remove bone, enlarging the __ cavity
95
diameter
this allows bone to grow larger in __
96
dermal, mandible, skull and clavicle
intramembranous ossification produces flat __ bones such as the __, __ and __.
97
extensive blood supply
in order for bones to grow and be maintained,, they require
98
network of lymphatic vessels and sensory nerves
the perisoteum contains:
99
blood vessels, nerves, and lymph vessels
central and perforating canals contain
100
neurovascular bundles
nerves and vessels. blood vessels and lymphatic vessels and nerves run together in bundles.
101
recycling and renewing bone matrix
what is bone remodeling?
102
every 5 years (1/5)
turnover rate in bone
103
no (2-3 times a year, unchanged)
is all bone remodeled at the same time?
104
lead, strontium, cobalt, radioactive uranium and piutonium.
list heavy metals and explain how they can interact with the skeletal system
105
osteoclasts eat away and release into blood. 50 years later causing cancer/damage
radioactive compounds are especially dangerous because
106
ossification center / spicules
ossification begins at __ _ and radiates out in __.
107
blood vessels
__ __ grow in the area
108
periosteum. fibrous, cellular
the bone develops __. An outer __ layer and inner __ layer
109
electric fields, osteoblasts
when bone is stressed, the crystals give off a small __ __ which attracts __ .
110
thicker& stronger, thin & brittle
heavily stressed bones become __&__. while unstressed bones become __&__.
111
a few weeks
how long does it take to lose 1/3 of bone mass due to inactivity
112
99
what % of bodys calcium is stored in the bones?
113
39
what % of the bone is composed of calcium?
114
blood calcium levels affect the heart
why is calcium homeostasis so important
115
parathyroid, calcitonin
the hormones __ hormone and ___ maintain calcium homeostasis.
116
bones, digestive tract, kidneys
together they control (Ca2+) storage (in the __), absorption (from food in the __ __), and excretion (into urine by the __)
117
low, parathyroid, increase
when blood (Ca2+) is too __, the __ glands release parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTH functions to __ blood calcium levels.
118
1- stimulate osteoclasts
2- increase Ca2+ absorption
3- decrease Ca2+ excretion
PTH increases blood calcium levels by:
119
high, thyroid
when Ca2+ is too __, the __ gland secretes calcitonin.
120
decrease. 1- inhibit osteoclasts
| 2- increase Ca2+ excretion
calcitonin functions to _ blood levels by:
121
bones weaken-losing
| bones denser and stronger- gaining
what are the effects of losing and gaining calcium in the bones
122
osteomatlacia
bones soft and flexible
123
rickets
lack of Vitamin D3 in Kids.
124
closed/simple fx
completely internal
125
open/compound fx
goes through skin (bleeding, infection)
126
transverse fx
breaks shaft across axis
127
displaced vs nondisplaced fx
fracture moved/ fracture unmoved
128
compression fx
in older people. Bones crush under body weight
129
spiral fx
twistin (skiing)
130
epiphyseal fx
along epiphyseal plate or line
131
comminuted fx
shattered (lots of little pieces)
132
greenstick fx
little part broken not all (like a stick)
133
colles fx
land on arm, kinda crumbled. distal radius shattered
134
potts fx
only at end and effect tibia and fibula
135
ostopenia
inadequate ossification (weak bone)
136
osteoporosis
reduction in bone mass is sufficient to compromise normal function
137
sex hormones go down after menopause
why do women have higher rates of osteoporosis than men
