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Anatomy & Physiology Lecture > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

0
Q

Cells (&cells products) working together to perform limited functions are

A

Tissues

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1
Q

Study of tissues

A

Histology

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2
Q

4 basic types of tissue

A

Epithelium
Connective
Muscle
Neural

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3
Q

Epithelial tissue includes __ & __.

A

Epithelial and glands

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4
Q

Layers of cells that cover internal/external surface

A

Epithelia

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5
Q

Characteristics of Epithelia

A 
Cellularity
Polarity
Attachment
Avascularity
Regeneration
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6
Q

Functions of Epithelia

A

Physical protection
Control permeability
Secrete stuff
Sensation

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7
Q

What are the two functional regions of epithelial cells?

A

Apical surface and basolateral surface

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8
Q

What are the functions if microvilli & cilia?

A

Increase absorption and movement

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9
Q

Shapes of epithelia

A

Squamous, cubodial, columnar

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10
Q

Number of layers

A

1 (simple) more (stratified)

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11
Q

Where do you find simple epithelia?

A

Lining internal compartments and passageways (protected areas)

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12
Q

Where do you find stratified epithelia?

A

Area exposed to chemical or mechanical stress

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13
Q

Mesothelia

A

Serous membranes

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14
Q

Endothelia

A

Line inner surface of heart and blood vessels

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15
Q

What is keratin?

A

The tough, fibrous protein component of nails, hair, calluses and the general integumentary surface.

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16
Q

Epithelial cells that produce secretion are __

A

Glands

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17
Q

Endocrine glands produce ___ (aka ___) which are released directly into the __ __ and then the __.

A

Endocrine
Hormones
Interstitial fluid
Blood

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18
Q

Examples of endocrine glands

A

Pancreas
Thyroid
Thymus
Pituitary gland

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19
Q

Do endocrine glands have ducts or are they ductless

A

Ductless

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20
Q

Exocrine glands produce __ secretions, which are released through a __ onto __ __.

A

Exocrine
Duct
Free surface

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21
Q

Examples of exocrine glands:

A 
Pancreas
Digestive enzymes
Liver
Stomach
Sweat glands
Momma milk
Tears
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22
Q

Describe and give an example of merocrine secretion

A

Released by vesicles (exocytosis)

Ex) sweat glands and salivary gland

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23
Q

Describe and give an example of apocrine secretion.

A

Released by shedding cytoplasm with secretory vesicles

Ex) mammary gland

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24
Q

Describe and give an example of holocrine secretion

A

Released by cells bursting, killing gland cells, gland cells replaced by stem cells.
Ex) sebaceous glands (t-zone on head)

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25
Q

What type of secretion would include nucleic acids

A

Holocrine

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26
Q

Connective tissues are connected to the overlying epithelium via a __ __.

A

Basement membrane

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27
Q

3 basic components of C.T.

A

Cells (specialized -blast, -cyte, -clast)
Fibers (solid usually, extracellular, protein)
Ground substance (fluid, extra-cellular)

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28
Q

Matrix= __ + __ __

A

Fibers

Ground substance

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29
Q

Some functions of the C.T.

A
  • establishing a structural framework for the body
  • transportin fluids and dissolved materials
  • protecting delicate organs
  • supporting, surrounding, and interconnecting other types of tissues
  • storing energy, especially in the form of triglycerides
  • defending the body from invading microorganisms
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30
Q 
Classifications of CT
1
 a&b
2 
 a&b
3 
 a&b
A 
CT proper
-loose ct 
-dense ct
Fluid CT
-blood
-lymph
Supporting CT
-cartilage 
-bone
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31
Q

CT proper has a viscous (_) ground substance, cells and fibers.

A

Syrupy

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32
Q

Three types of fibers in CT and locations

A
  • collagen (strength {pink}) / tendons & ligaments
  • elastic (flexibility {dark blue}) / areolar CT, elastic cartilage
  • reticular (support/framework {brown}) / liver, other organs, around blood vessels, nerves
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33
Q

Ground substance + ___ =___

A

Extracellular protein

Matrix

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34
Q

Embryonic CT is called ___ and gives rise to __.

A

Mesenchyme

CT

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35
Q

Adult CT contains __ stem cells that can __

A

Mesenchymal

Tissue repair

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36
Q

Difference between brown fat and white fat

A

Brown fat has mitochondria and can produce heat

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37
Q

Adipocytes are ___

A

Incapable of dividing

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38
Q

Mostly collagen

A

Collagenous tissues

39
Q

Tendons

A

Dense regular CT that connects muscle to bone

40
Q

Ligaments

A

Dense regular CT that connects bone to bone

41
Q

Aponeurosis

A

Broad sheet of tendon

42
Q

Perichondrium

A

Dense irregular CT around cartilage

43
Q

Periosteum

A

Dense irregular CT around bone

44
Q

Capsules

A

Sense irregular CT around organs and joints

45
Q

Elastic ligaments

A

Between vertebra

46
Q

Two types of fluid CT

A

Blood and lymph

47
Q

Blood has a watery matrix called __ and solids called __ __

A

Plasma

Liquid Matrix

48
Q

Three types of formed elements are

A

RBC’s (erythrocytes)
WBC’s (leukocytes)
Platelets

49
Q

3 major subdivisions of extracellular fluid and their locations

A

Plasma (vessels of cardiovascular system)
Interstitial fluid
Lymph

50
Q

Matrix of a cartilage is a __

A

Firm gel

51
Q

Mature cartilage class are called ___ in spaces called __

A

Chondrocytes

Lucanae

52
Q

Cartilage has a ___ with an outer __ layer and inner __ layer.

A

Perichondrium
Fibrous
Cellular

53
Q

Up through adolescence, cartilage undergoes both __ and ___ growth.

A

Appositional and interstitial

54
Q

In an adult, cartilage does not ___, __ and __

A

Grow, rarely repairs, and covers injuries with a dense fibrous patch.

55
Q

2/3 of the matrix of the bone is __. These are __ but rather __. (___)
1/3 of the matrix of the bone is __. These are __ but still __. (__)

A

Calcium salt- hard/ brittle (inorganic)

Collagen fibers- strong/ flexible (organic)

56
Q

Mature bone clews are called __ in spaces called __

A

Osteocytes

Lucanae

57
Q

What are canaliculi?

A

Long slender passageways in the matrix

58
Q

Bones have a __ with an outer __ layer and an inner __ layer.

A

Periosteum
Fibrous
Cellular

59
Q

Unlike cartilage, bone only undergoes Appositional growth, which continues __ skeletal maturity

A

After

60
Q

Do bones respond to stress? How?

A

Yes, by getting stronger

61
Q

Feature: cell
Cartilage: __
Bone: __

A

Chondrocytes in lucanae

Osteocytes in lucanae

62
Q

Feature: vascularity
Cartilage: __
Bone: __

A

None

Extensive

63
Q

Feature: covering
Cartilage: __
Bone: __

A

Perichondrium (2 layers)

Periosteum (2 layers)

64
Q

Feature: strength
Cartilage: __
Bone: __

A

Limited; bends easily but hard to break

Strong; resists distortion until breaking point

65
Q

Feature: O2 needs
Cartilage: __
Bone: __

A

Low

High

66
Q

Feature: nutrients
Cartilage: __
Bone: __

A

By diffusion through matrix

By diffusion through cytoplasm and interstitial fluid in canaliculi

67
Q

Feature: repair
Cartilage: __
Bone: __

A

Limited

Extensive

68
Q

Each of these tissue membranes consists of an __ supported by __ __

A

Epithelium

CT

69
Q

Mucous membrane

A

Lines internal surface. Lines passageway hat communicates with external area

70
Q

Serous membrane

A

Line ventral body cavity (coelom)

Pleura, pericardium and peritoneum

71
Q

Cutaneous membrane

A

Skin - epidermis and dermis

72
Q

Synovial membrane

A

Secretes synovial fluid

73
Q

Connective tissue layers and wrappings that support and surround organs are __

A

Fascial

74
Q

Superficial fascia

A

Between skin and underlying organs. Outer layer

75
Q

Deep fascia

A

Wear tendon ligaments

76
Q

Subserous fascia

A

Between serous membrane and body wall

77
Q

The deep fascia of a muscle blends into the __, which blends into the __.

A

Tendon

Periosteum

78
Q

Muscle tissue is specialized to

A

Contract

79
Q

Feature: shape
Skeletal:
Cardiac:
Smooth :

A

Long, cylinder
Short and branched
Spindle

80
Q

Feature: nucleus
Skeletal:
Cardiac:
Smooth :

A

Multinucleate (many)
Uninucleate (1)
Single central

81
Q

Feature: striated
Skeletal:
Cardiac:
Smooth :

A

Yes
Yes
No

82
Q

Neural tissue

A

Conduct electrical impulses

83
Q

Neurons

A

Nerves

84
Q

Neuroglia

A

Cells that support nerves

85
Q

Dendrites

A

Receive information

86
Q

Soma (cell body)

A

Processes information of “makes decision”

87
Q

Axon

A

Conduct decision or command

88
Q

Nerve fibers

A

Axons

89
Q

Nerve tissue is specialized to __.

A

Conduct electrical impulses from 1 region to another.

90
Q

What’s the difference between inflammation and infection?

A

Inflammation- body’s response to damage. Infection- damage to body’s germs, virus, parasites

91
Q

5 signs of infection

A 
Tumor- swelling
Rubor- redness
Calor- heat
Dolor- pain
Pus- pus (not inflammation)
92
Q

What perfect of cancer is estimated to be caused by toxic chemicals in environment?

A

70-80%

93
Q

What percent of those are from cigarette smoke?

A

40%

94
Q

Is pancreas exocrine or endocrine

A

BOTH! Endocrine and exocrine

Anatomy & Physiology Lecture (4 decks)

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