Chapter 4 Flashcards by Piper Turman

Cells (&cells products) working together to perform limited functions are

Tissues

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Study of tissues

Histology

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4 basic types of tissue

Epithelium
Connective
Muscle
Neural

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Epithelial tissue includes __ & __.

Epithelial and glands

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Layers of cells that cover internal/external surface

Epithelia

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Characteristics of Epithelia

Cellularity
Polarity
Attachment
Avascularity
Regeneration

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Functions of Epithelia

Physical protection
Control permeability
Secrete stuff
Sensation

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What are the two functional regions of epithelial cells?

Apical surface and basolateral surface

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What are the functions if microvilli & cilia?

Increase absorption and movement

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Shapes of epithelia

Squamous, cubodial, columnar

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Number of layers

1 (simple) more (stratified)

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Where do you find simple epithelia?

Lining internal compartments and passageways (protected areas)

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Where do you find stratified epithelia?

Area exposed to chemical or mechanical stress

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Mesothelia

Serous membranes

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Endothelia

Line inner surface of heart and blood vessels

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What is keratin?

The tough, fibrous protein component of nails, hair, calluses and the general integumentary surface.

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Epithelial cells that produce secretion are __

Glands

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Endocrine glands produce ___ (aka ___) which are released directly into the __ __ and then the __.

Endocrine
Hormones
Interstitial fluid
Blood

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Examples of endocrine glands

Pancreas
Thyroid
Thymus
Pituitary gland

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Do endocrine glands have ducts or are they ductless

Ductless

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Exocrine glands produce __ secretions, which are released through a __ onto __ __.

Exocrine
Duct
Free surface

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Examples of exocrine glands:

Pancreas
Digestive enzymes
Liver
Stomach
Sweat glands
Momma milk
Tears

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Describe and give an example of merocrine secretion

Released by vesicles (exocytosis)

Ex) sweat glands and salivary gland

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Describe and give an example of apocrine secretion.

Released by shedding cytoplasm with secretory vesicles

Ex) mammary gland

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Describe and give an example of holocrine secretion

Released by cells bursting, killing gland cells, gland cells replaced by stem cells. Ex) sebaceous glands (t-zone on head)

What type of secretion would include nucleic acids

Holocrine

Connective tissues are connected to the overlying epithelium via a __ __.

Basement membrane

3 basic components of C.T.

Cells (specialized -blast, -cyte, -clast) Fibers (solid usually, extracellular, protein) Ground substance (fluid, extra-cellular)

Matrix= __ + __ __

Fibers | Ground substance

Some functions of the C.T.

- establishing a structural framework for the body - transportin fluids and dissolved materials - protecting delicate organs - supporting, surrounding, and interconnecting other types of tissues - storing energy, especially in the form of triglycerides - defending the body from invading microorganisms

``` Classifications of CT 1 a&b 2 a&b 3 a&b ```

``` CT proper -loose ct -dense ct Fluid CT -blood -lymph Supporting CT -cartilage -bone ```

CT proper has a viscous (_) ground substance, cells and fibers.

Syrupy

Three types of fibers in CT and locations

- collagen (strength {pink}) / tendons & ligaments - elastic (flexibility {dark blue}) / areolar CT, elastic cartilage - reticular (support/framework {brown}) / liver, other organs, around blood vessels, nerves

Ground substance + ___ =___

Extracellular protein | Matrix

Embryonic CT is called ___ and gives rise to __.

Mesenchyme | CT

Adult CT contains __ stem cells that can __

Mesenchymal | Tissue repair

Difference between brown fat and white fat

Brown fat has mitochondria and can produce heat

Adipocytes are ___

Incapable of dividing

Mostly collagen

Collagenous tissues

Tendons

Dense regular CT that connects muscle to bone

Ligaments

Dense regular CT that connects bone to bone

Aponeurosis

Broad sheet of tendon

Perichondrium

Dense irregular CT around cartilage

Periosteum

Dense irregular CT around bone

Capsules

Sense irregular CT around organs and joints

Elastic ligaments

Between vertebra

Two types of fluid CT

Blood and lymph

Blood has a watery matrix called __ and solids called __ __

Plasma | Liquid Matrix

Three types of formed elements are

RBC's (erythrocytes) WBC's (leukocytes) Platelets

3 major subdivisions of extracellular fluid and their locations

Plasma (vessels of cardiovascular system) Interstitial fluid Lymph

Matrix of a cartilage is a __

Firm gel

Mature cartilage class are called ___ in spaces called __

Chondrocytes | Lucanae

Cartilage has a ___ with an outer __ layer and inner __ layer.

Perichondrium Fibrous Cellular

Up through adolescence, cartilage undergoes both __ and ___ growth.

Appositional and interstitial

In an adult, cartilage does not ___, __ and __

Grow, rarely repairs, and covers injuries with a dense fibrous patch.

2/3 of the matrix of the bone is __. These are __ but rather __. (___) 1/3 of the matrix of the bone is __. These are __ but still __. (__)

Calcium salt- hard/ brittle (inorganic) | Collagen fibers- strong/ flexible (organic)

Mature bone clews are called __ in spaces called __

Osteocytes | Lucanae

What are canaliculi?

Long slender passageways in the matrix

Bones have a __ with an outer __ layer and an inner __ layer.

Periosteum Fibrous Cellular

Unlike cartilage, bone only undergoes Appositional growth, which continues __ skeletal maturity

After

Do bones respond to stress? How?

Yes, by getting stronger

Feature: cell Cartilage: __ Bone: __

Chondrocytes in lucanae | Osteocytes in lucanae

Feature: vascularity Cartilage: __ Bone: __

None | Extensive

Feature: covering Cartilage: __ Bone: __

Perichondrium (2 layers) | Periosteum (2 layers)

Feature: strength Cartilage: __ Bone: __

Limited; bends easily but hard to break | Strong; resists distortion until breaking point

Feature: O2 needs Cartilage: __ Bone: __

Low | High

Feature: nutrients Cartilage: __ Bone: __

By diffusion through matrix | By diffusion through cytoplasm and interstitial fluid in canaliculi

Feature: repair Cartilage: __ Bone: __

Limited | Extensive

Each of these tissue membranes consists of an __ supported by __ __

Epithelium | CT

Mucous membrane

Lines internal surface. Lines passageway hat communicates with external area

Serous membrane

Line ventral body cavity (coelom) | Pleura, pericardium and peritoneum

Cutaneous membrane

Skin - epidermis and dermis

Synovial membrane

Secretes synovial fluid

Connective tissue layers and wrappings that support and surround organs are __

Fascial

Superficial fascia

Between skin and underlying organs. Outer layer

Deep fascia

Wear tendon ligaments

Subserous fascia

Between serous membrane and body wall

The deep fascia of a muscle blends into the __, which blends into the __.

Tendon | Periosteum

Muscle tissue is specialized to

Contract

Feature: shape Skeletal: Cardiac: Smooth :

Long, cylinder Short and branched Spindle

Feature: nucleus Skeletal: Cardiac: Smooth :

Multinucleate (many) Uninucleate (1) Single central

Feature: striated Skeletal: Cardiac: Smooth :

Yes Yes No

Neural tissue

Conduct electrical impulses

Neurons

Nerves

Neuroglia

Cells that support nerves

Dendrites

Receive information

Soma (cell body)

Processes information of "makes decision"

Axon

Conduct decision or command

Nerve fibers

Axons

Nerve tissue is specialized to __.

Conduct electrical impulses from 1 region to another.

What's the difference between inflammation and infection?

Inflammation- body's response to damage. Infection- damage to body's germs, virus, parasites

5 signs of infection

``` Tumor- swelling Rubor- redness Calor- heat Dolor- pain Pus- pus (not inflammation) ```

What perfect of cancer is estimated to be caused by toxic chemicals in environment?

70-80%

What percent of those are from cigarette smoke?

40%

Is pancreas exocrine or endocrine

BOTH! Endocrine and exocrine