Chapter 6 Flashcards
Perceptual development
What senses are usually interconnected?
Olfactory and gustatory
~80% of all sensory info is derived from our visual system. What is done with the visual information?
Formule a motor program, monitor movement activity, provide feedback
Exam SAQ
Visual process and its 3 basic functions
- eyes receive light and generate. messages
- visual pathways transmit those messages in brain
- visual centers interpret those messages
Visual structures description
they are all intact at birth, but several are immature
Compare and contrast the eye at birth to that of an adult.
doubles in size
cornea is not symmetrical in newborn eye
fovea is not fully developed in newborn eye
nerves to the brain are immature, inefficient
distance proportionally shorter
ciliary muscle is weak
visual acuity
clearness of vision and capacity to detect small stimuli and small details
By ____ months, infants can have good focus
by ___ months,, 20/600
By ___ months, see as an adult
3
6??
12
What two types of visual acuity is there?
Static visual acuity: most common form of assessment (ability to detect detail in a stationary object) matures before dynamic acuity
- present at birth
dynamic visual acuity: detect moving object (ability to perceive detail in a moving object) increases gradually until around 12 years old…
- gradually develop it
Object permanence
Realization that objects continue to exist when they are no longer in view.
Under 4 mo. no object permanence
4-8 mo. some recognition if object is partly visible
8-12 mo. signs of object permanence, A-not-B error (emodiment?)
- hide and seek, saw someone hide something in one place and get it and move it, yet still look for it in the first place.
18 mo - 2 yrs: recognize object is still there
Visual function
perceptual constancy, perception of size constancy
object constancy of shape and color
newborns know somethinng about object’s size
ability improves steadily until age 12, matures
spatial orientation; object in th 3D space
Aware of basic spatial dualisms, 3-4 years
- “in & out” “up & down” “front & back”
- complicated dualism is “left & right”
Perceive spatial orientation by 8 yrs
Figure-ground perception (matching question)
ability to distinguish an object from its surrounding background
ex: tracking ball as it moves through sky
improves steadily between ages 4 & 13
All ages more proficient at distinguishing figures in distracting backgrounds.
Depth perception. Define.
ability to judge the distance of an object from the self
Describe the development of depth perception.
absent at birth at it is not needed
monocular or binocular cues appear at about 2 mo.
fair accuracy at judging depth at 6 mo. to prevent injury
By 12 yrs adult-like depth perception
FIeld of vision is also known as _________.
peripheral vision
Field of vision. Define.
The entire extent of th eenvironment that cna be seen without a change in the fixation of the eye
~ 180 degree
basic development…
(check slide)
Perception of Movement. Define.
Detecting, tracking & interception of moving objects
Saccadic eye movemens
Rapid eye movements between one point of visual fixation and another-the process of focusing one’s gaze on something
by 48 hrs, infants can track something
by 4 mo. can track & predict path of slow-moving object
Visual-Motor Coordination
Ability to coordinate visual abilities with movements of the body
task dependent
eye-hand coordination emerges 6 mo.
reaching at 7-14 mo. fine motor tasks at 3-8 yrs
Coincident Timing
Ability to coordinate visual and motor behavior to a single coincident point such as in catching a ball, kicking a ball, etc.
Improves up to young adulthood
….
Kinesthetic (discrimination) acuity
ability to detect differences and match qualities such as location, distance, weight, force, speed
approaches adult levels by age 8
kinisthetic memory
reproduction of movements
mature stage reached after 12 yrs of age
Applied Aspects of Kinesthetic Perception
Body awareness
- teach proper names for each body part
- what is this needed for??
spatial awareness
directional awarness
- can you move forward, back, etc.
vistibular awarness: need balance - postural, static & dynamic
- when baby have ear infection may result in the loss of balance
temporal (rythmic) awareness: maintaining a temporal pattern within a set of movements e.g. tapping to music.
Auditory Perception
Ability to detect discriminate associate and interpret auditory stimuli
-hearing present before birth
- refinement from birth to 6 mo- almost as sensitive as adults
- localize by age 3
- significicant imporvement to early teens.
Tactile Perception
Ability to detect and interpret sensory info cutaneously (through skin)
facial area of fetus sensitive to tactile stimulation
- to learn reflexes (sucking)
by 5-8 yrs old, well-developed
After the age of 4, visual learning dominant over tactile
Perceptual integration
involves simultaneous use of more than one sensory sytem (intercensory)
intermodal perception: the ability to translate… (the gun sound to start a race)
Perception Integration: Cross modal equivalence
recognition of a stimulus as an equivalente (match) when they are presented to 2 diff modalities
Perception integration: Visual-kinesthetic
2-3 wks imitate, 5 yrs recognize objects touched
Percpetion Integration: Visual-auditory
newborns turn to sound, 4 mo. film/soundtrack
Percpetion Integration: Auditory-kinesthetic (limited)
child selects tactually by name
~1yr
Kinesthetic Perceptual Changes with Aging
Touch sensitivity decreases
- risk factor, elderly may not react quick to touch
weight descrimination decreases
balance decreases
there is no major change of the sense of body position and movement
Visual Perceptual Changes with Aging
acuity decreases
sensitivity to light decreases
…
Auditory Perceptual Changes with Aging
Theoretical Viewpoints: Constructivist Approach
Theoretical Viewpoints: Gibson’s Ecological perspective
holds that infants directly perceive and act on info that exists in the environment
individuals actively explore the environment and experience rather than having an experience
engage with environment
environments provides affordances (opportunities for action)
actions depends on task, developmental level, experience, present need, cognitive awareness
Dont worry about slopes experiment
Percpetion/action coupled, Thelen & Smith (2006), perceiving is experiencing.
