Chapter 4: Physiological Changes Flashcards
Heart size is related to ______________ (two words) - related to ____________.
body size, endurance
The younger the baby the ____________ the heart rate.
faster
Babies with fetal alcohol syndrom have a much faster heart rate than those who don’t. T/F
True
Describe the heart growth
It begins as a tube
It pulses at 3 weeks with NO blood, instead they receive oxygen through umbilical cord
After 5 weeks all functional mechanism as in adult EKG evident
12 weeks they have a circulating syste,
4-5 months fetal heartbeat are strong
Lungs are fully developed at ____________.
38 weeks.
Aerobic power ____________ with growth through childhood.
increases
Fetal blood vessels grow in proportion to parts
of body supplied
Total blood volume and size of heart are almost
equal until puberty, then increase in males
Heart size is related to body size—related to
endurance
Describe the respiratory growth.
Begins as lung buds (3–4 fetal weeks)
Bronchial tree formed (16th fetal week)
Alveolar-capillary interface (6 fetal months)
What is the VO2 max used for?
to measure aerobic power
it is objective, since it is a lab technique
Ways to measure aerobic power.
VO2 test
12 minute test
1-mile test
Lungs double by __________ and triples by __________.
6 months; 1 year
Alveoli—increase from about 20 million at birth
to 300 million by 8 years. T/F
T
By maturity increased approximately 20-fold
Alveoli increase until ____________ (two words) ceases growing.
chest wall
Describe the pubertal effect on aerobic power.
it increase in males to 18 years,
females minimally beyond 14 years
At what age range is aerobic power at its peak?
18–25 years, related primarily to lean
mass/heredity
As we get older our heart rate ____________.
decreases
What mechanisms help us with dissipating heat?
1) convection: redness on face, increase blood flow to skin
2) evaporation: increased sweat (excess causes dehydration)
After what age does aerobic power capacity declines steadily?
age 25
Males sweat more than females because…
they are bigger
Children have a decreased sweat rate so they rely on ___________.
convection
Maximal oxygen uptake strongly related to
____________________. (three words)
lean body mass
After puberty, _____________________ (three words) tends to level
off in females.
lean body mass
______________ are more at risk of overheating, since they mainly rely on _____________.
Children; convection
Do men or females tend to gain lean body mass?
Men
Young children have a high capacity in anaerobic power. T/F
False
low capacity
Maximum rate of metabolic processing without ____.
O2
To prevent overheating:
hydration
rest breaks (water/shade)
At birth blood is ___________ and shortly after birth through adulthood blood is _________.
85 ml per kg
75-77 ml per kg
Anaerobic power increases up to _________________. (two words)
early adulthood
Anaerobic power at an advanced age is lost 40% loss due to…
Loss of muscle
Males have a higher metabolic rate than females.
higher basal metabolic rate
Why is it difficult for females to lose body fat?
needed to give birth
lower metabolic rate
____________ is commonly used measure of cardiovascular response
Heart rate
Resting heart rate levels ____________ with age
decrease
Children tolerate
exercise in heat less
efficiently than adults. T/F
True
Children create more heat relative to their ______________ (two words) during exercise than older persons
body mass
Muscular endurance is measured by:
sit-ups, pull-ups, push-ups
Muscular endurance
Ability to sustain muscular work repeated contractions
The primary component of muscular endurance
is ________________. (two words)
muscular strength
Define Basal Metabolic Rate.
is the amount of heat produced during rest
decreases with age
Blood characteristics (19)
Red blood cells: produced by 2nd fetal
week
After 5th fetal Month, production in bone
marrow
Lifespan - 90 days adult 120 days after birth
No of RBC & hemoglobin related to growth in body mass and volume
Flexibility is ____________. (two words)
joint specific
Flexibility increases with age till ________________. (two words)
early adolescence
What is the better indicator of one’s flexibility?
their activity level
not their age
Females are more flexible than males from ages 5 to adulthood. Why?
Because of the activities they are put in
females are in gymnastics, etc.
Isometric strength is ____________ strength.
static
Isotonic is ___________ strength.
dynamic
Isokinetic is _________________. (two words)
constant velocity
Muscle strenght _____________ with age and is related to _______________. (two words)
increases; body size
What age range is the peak of muscle strength?
25-29 years
What is the percentage of regression of muscle strength?
25-30%
Compare and contrast of physiological differeces between children and adults (25) (will be on test)
Males: lean body, androgens (22) (ask Julisa for her notes on this)
The peak of physiological function is around age _____.
30
Cardiorespiratory function _________ .75 1.0% a year, totaling about 30% between _________________.
declines; 30 and 70 years
What kind of people maintain a higher level of function and regress less?
Active people
regression is inevitable though
Males have 5–10% __________ BMR values at all ages
higher
BMR ___________ continuously from birth to old age
declines
An increase in reaction time means that one is ____________.
Slower
