Chapter 5: Factors Affecting Growth & Development Flashcards
slide 2
Define teratogen
environmental agent that can cause birth defect or kill a fetus
Why is the first 2-8 weeks a sensitive period ?
because there is no placenta and everything is going into the baby
What are external factors that affect the fetus ?
What an expectant mother eats, breathes, drinks, or smokes, etc.
Fetus is protected by placenta, but not impervious to outside environment. T/f
T
Sensitive periods is when…
an organism is most sensitive to certain
environmental influences, such as teratogenic agent
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________________ (two words) interfere with basic biochemical processes
Teratogenic effects
The susceptibility of teratogenic effects varies with __________________. (two words)
developmental stage
Teratogienic specificity (ask J)
Teratogenic affects differently (Ask J)
The amount of risk of teratogenic effects depends on the _____________ and __________ received to the teratogens.
concentration; exposure
Do teratogens affect the mother?
No it is mainly on the fetus
There can be temporary or delayed effects from teratogens. T/F
True
What are the internal (maternal) factors?
Maternal age
Nutrition
Genetic-related abnormalities
Fetal position
Maternal stress
Describe the fetal position (internal factor).
head first, head down
40 weeks
breach baby: feet first, in the US a c-section will be done.
the fetal position can depend on the place you are living.
uterine band can be a teratogen, can cause amputation or death to baby when they get caught up in it. Uterine band can’t be prevented.
Describe maternal stress (internal factor)
dad’s usually primary stress whether they are good or bad
domestic violence
overattentiveness can be smuthering
finances
maternity leave, apply for disability
females with body dismorphia
breastfeeding
episiotomy
a cut to increase the tear of the cervix,
not recommended
maternity leave
vaginal: 8 weeks
c-section: 11 weeks
maternal age (internal factor)
Old Mothers with an age of 40-45
D: have higher risk of having a baby with down syndrome.
D: Likely to have a premature risk.
Higher risk of miscarriage.
A: may be more educated, likely to take care of themselves, have more money to provide for baby, financially stable. Likely to have a stable relationship.
Younger mothers.
D: Higher risk of preterm and miscarriage. Pelvis may not be fully developed.
D: Likely to get fistulas.
D: Less educated, not financially stable
D: stress, social stigma
D: less likely to go to doctor for prenatal care
Each year in the United States, approximately 3 to 5% of births (approximately 125,000 infants) are born with a genetic abnormality
Phenlyketinuria (PKU) (Genetic Abnormalities)
Phenlyketinuria (PKU)
- dad and mom both have genes
- can’t synthesize phenylalanine
- special diet entire life
Down Syndrome (genetic abnormalities)
Downs Syndrome
- extra chromosome 21
- thicker neck, flat feet,
higher risk of obesity, flattened nasal bridge, possible heart problems, lower life expectancy
- high or low functioning
- higher risk of sexually and/or physically abused.
- measure bridge of nose, and the neck
- amniocentesis
Sickle-Cell Anemia (genetic abnormalities)
immune to malaria
can’t be cured
organs can be damaged to lack of oxygen
Radiation (external/environmental factors
Drugs and chemicals (external/environmental factors)
smoking, alcohol, cocained, other
cigarrettes: low birth weight, prone for lung conditions
over the counter medication is dangerous because some people overdose, overprescribing
Infection and diseases (external/environmental factors)
STDs, HIV
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome video
exam question
have faster heart rate
trouble with memory, judgment, reason, perception
math weak
facial features:
small eye lid openings
short up turned nose
long upper lip from lip to nose, thin red border and deficient central groove, reduced head size, agenesis is no corpus collosum or degensis is a little bit of corpus collosum.
less lines on their hands
affects brian development,
eyes smaller than normal,
microcephalic
difficulty with problem solving
problem with legal system because they don’t understand consequences or cause and effect
fetal alcohol syndrome video summary
it takes place in Indiana and describes the epidemic of opiodes: Oxytocin, mainly heroin
_____________ is the chief contributor to infant illness and mortality.
Low Birth Weight
Under _____________ is low birth weight
5.5 lbs (2500 g)
Primary causes of low birth weight:
nutrition, smoking, alcohol, drugs
Under _____________ is very low birth weight
3.3 lbs (1500 g)
_______________ leads to deficits in physical growth and motor
behavior
low birth weight
Premature birth (preterm) is when a baby is born…
before 38 weeks
(38–42 normal)
Premature babies are immature, meaning that they have problems with…
respiratory
temperature control
- don’t have enough baby fat to regulate temp.
immune system
- to improve: colostrum & breastmilk (has antibiotics and increases immunity)
feeding
- difficult because they may not have their sucking reflex and swallowing has not been developed
neurological issues
Nutrition for postnatal development
it is vital to physical growth & motor development
Nutrition is critical to development of muscle tissue during puberty. T/F
True
What type of diet is leading to obesity epidemic among children
a diet of too much fat, refined sugar and salt
Amount of sugar for kids
3-4 grams
Amount of sugar for adults
7 grams
undernourished
physical condition where you can’t break down the foods
Malnourished
Bulimia
purging,
to take control of the body that was taken from them
frequent trips to the bathroom after eating
worn enamel of teeth
scratches on hands when they provoke themselves to purge with their hands
push friends away
a lot of shame and guilt involved
Anorexia
starving,
to take control of the body that was taken from them
they do not eat
excessive exercise
push friends away
a lot of shame and guilt involved
Over 90% of bulimia, anorexia, and obesity are a result of…
sexual assualt
___________ have the biggest death rate in mental disorders.
Eating disorders
Who can diagnose people with eating disorders?
medical doctors and psychologists
if so they take them into a residential home, once they have a good body composition or are physical stable, then they can start therapy otherwise they can’t
IOP
Obesity or overnutrition leads to an increase in…
type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrom, heart disease, sleep apnea (stop breathing when sleeping)
Complication of type 2 diabetes
kidney issues, amputations of limbs, going blind
What to do to reverse type 2 diabetes
strength training, reduce sugar, increase fiber
Pros of breast feeding
has antibiotics and increases immune system, strong emotional bond, cost effective, reduced risk of breast cancer and post partum depression
composition of the breast milk is correlated with that of the age of the baby
babies are less likely to have constipation issues
feces does not smell
baby regulates own food intake, less likely to be obese as adults
changes flavor for baby
Pros for formula feeding
know how much milk baby has, but may be overfeeding them if forcing a meal
Cons of breast feeding
- can be painful if baby does not attach properly
- clogged milk ducts
- dietary constrictions
- time consuming
- social stigma
- diseases can be passed
- exclusively breastfeed the first month, then can bottle feed afterwards
Cons for formula feeding
don’t learn to regulate food intake
constipation, more gas
health risks
expensive
given extra calories, sometimes forced to have a meal, when just thirsty
only one flavor
compare and contrast breast feeding with formula feeding
23-30
31
Thyroxine levels do not decrease by age
Sedentary lifestyle leads to diabetes in old age.
Gestational diabetes
mother has put so much weight during pregnancy
What are the problems of gestational diabetes
big babies
pubertal transitional diabetes
As entering puberty insulin decreseases
What organ secretes insulin?
Pancreas
The pancreas is well-developed by birth. T/F
T
finish up 32
last bullet point prof disagrees
33-34
