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PSYCH1010 > CHAPTER 6 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Define: learning

A

any relatively permanent change in the behavior of an individual due to past experiences

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2
Q

What is an unconditioned stimulus (US)

A

a stimulus that produces a specific reaction with no conditioning

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3
Q

What is an example of US (unconditioned) stimulus in Pavlov’s study

A

the presence of food

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4
Q

What is an unconditioned response (UR)

A

a natural response to a certain Unconditioned Stimulus

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5
Q

What is an example of UR (unconditioned response) from the Pavlov study

A

salivation in response to the food

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6
Q

What is a conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

a stimulus that naturally produces no response, but when paired with another item, produces a reliable response

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7
Q

What is the example of conditioned stimulus (CS) from the Pavlov study?

A

sound of the bell

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8
Q

What is a conditioned response (CR)?

A

a reliable response to a stimuli that is caused by a conditioned stimulus

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9
Q

Define: classical conditioning

A

conditioning in which a stimulus originally elicits no response, but once connected to an unconditioned stimulus, causes the same response

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10
Q

What is a neutral stimulus

A

stimulus that has no natural response prior to conditioning

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11
Q

What is the neutral stimulus in the Pavlov experiment

A

sound of the bell

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12
Q

What does it mean for a response to be elicited

A

the response is automatically or involuntarily brought about or triggered in response to a specific stimulus

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13
Q

Explain how phobias are examples of classical conditioning

A

Phobias are typically a result of classical conditioning over time (negative unconditioned stimulus linked to the source of phobia)

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14
Q

List the physiological examples of classical conditioning:

A

immune suppression: following classical conditioning, body will produce less antibodies when the taste of a previously-identified medication for this is sensed;

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15
Q

Define: acquisition

A

neutral stimulus becoming the conditioned stimulus through repetitive connection to the unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response

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16
Q

Define: extinction

A

over time, as the conditioned stimulus is no longer linked to the unconditioned stimulus, the conditioned response slowly stops occuring

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17
Q

Define: Spontaneous recovery

A

after a period of time in which the conditioned response has completely stopped occurring, there is a singular event in which it occurs again, although at a lower level

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18
Q

Define: stimulus generalization

A

conditioned response not only happens with the conditioned stimulus but also very similar stimulus

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19
Q

Define: stimulus discrimination

A

conditioned response only happens with the conditioned stimulus and not similar stimulus

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20
Q

Define: higher order conditioning

A

the conditioned stimulus becomes the new unconditioned stimulus for a new conditioned response (unconditioned response to conditioned response to conditioned response)

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21
Q

Define: operant conditioning

A

a type of conditioning in which the consequences of a behavior determines whether or not the behavior will occur again

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22
Q

What does it mean when a behavior is emitted

A

a voluntary action is performed as opposed to it being reflexive (elicit)

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23
Q

Define: Reinforcer

A

a consequence that makes it more likely for the behavior to be repeated in the future

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24
Q

Define: Punisher

A

a consequence that makes it less likely for the behavior to be repeated in the future

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25
What is a contingency
an "if-then statement"
26
What are the 3 parts of a contingency
A (antecedent), B (behavior), C (consequence)
27
What is an antecedent in contingency
a specific circumstance
28
What is a behavior in contingency
a particular behavior that is performed
29
What is a consequence in contingency
a consequence that is likely to result
30
Define: encoding
the memory process by which we turn our perceptions, thoughts, feelings into enduring memory
31
Define: storage
the memory process of maintaining info in memory over time
32
Define: retrieval
the memory process of bringing to mind info that has been previously encoded and stored
33
Define: sensory input
sensed information that is transformed into memories
34
Define: short term memory
lasts for less than 20 sec. before it needs to be processed
35
Example of sensory memory:
afterimage
36
What is an iconic memory
visual sensory memory (afterimage
37
Define: sensory memory
memory that briefly stores sensory info from environment (<1 sec)
38
What is an echoic memory
auditory sensory memory (hearing a sound after it has already stopped)
39
Example of short term memory
remembering a phone number just long enough to dial it, but not afterwards
40
What does role of attention mean in short term memory
information that we pay more attention to is processed from sensory memory into short term memory to remember longer
41
What does rehearsal mean in short term memory
repetitively verbalizing or thinking about info in short term memory to prevent forgetting
42
What does chunking mean in short term memory
grouping info together so that it is easier to remember (ex. 21181088906402 turns into 21181 08890 6402)
43
What is an example of rehearsal in short term memory
repeating a series of numbers over and over again to input in later
43
What does capacity mean in short term memory (7 plus or minus 2)
the majority of people remember between 5 to 9 items in their short term memory at a time (individual items or chunks)
44
Define: elaboration encoding
adding newly received sensory info onto previous stored info
45
Define: visual imagery encoding
converting info into images to remember better
46
Define: organizational encoding
sorting info into groups to remember easier
47
Example of elaboration encoding:
adding the term "photosynthesis" onto previous knowledge that "plants use sun to make food"
48
Example of visual imagery encoding:
remembering grocery list by visualizing each item in your mind
49
Example of organizational encoding:
remembering animals by grouping into birds, reptiles, insects, etc.
50
Define capacity in long term memory
the amount of info that can be remembered in any memory system
51
Define consolidation
hypothetical process of turning new, unstable short term memories into stable, long term memories
52
Define procedural memory
long term memory for performing actions, "how to" knowledge
53
Define autobiographical memory
memory of past experiences, combines episodic and semantic memory
54
Define declarative memory
memory involving facts, info, events that can be consciously recalled
55
Define episodic memory
subcategory of declarative and autobiographical memory involving specific event or experiences in a persons life
56
Define semantic memory
subcategory of declarative memory involving general knowledge and facts about the world
57
Give an example of consolidation
studying material before sleeping can aid consolidation, making it easier to recall the next day
58
How much is capacity of long term memory
unlimited capacity
59
Give an example of an autobiographical memory
remembering first day of school
59
Give an example of procedural memory
how to tie a tourniquet
60
Give an example of a declarative memory
knowing dates of a historical event
61
Give an example of an episodic memory
remembering your last birthday
62
Give an example of semantic memory
sky is blue
63
Define: encoding specificity principle
effectiveness of retrieval cue depends on how well it matches info encoded during learning
64
Define: state dependent retrieval
memory retrieval is most effective when individual is in the same state they were in when info was encoded
65
Define: transfer appropriate processing
memory retrieval more successful when cognitive process used during encoding is the same as during retrieval
66
Define: retrieval induced forgetting
retrieving certain info can impair recall of related, non-retrieved info
67
Give an example of encoding specificity principle
if you are sitting in a quiet area when learning the material, you will recall it best in a quiet area
68
Give an example of state dependent retrieval
if you are tired when you learn the material, you will recall it best when you are tired
69
Give an example of transfer appropriate processing
if you learn a concept in MC and are tested in the same format, you are more likely to have better recall
70
Give an example of retrieval induced forgetting
if you repeatedly recall info from one vacation, you may find it harder to remember details of another similar event (more focus on one of the events)
71
Role of the hippocampus in memory
forming declarative memories, converting short term memories into long term memories
72
Role of the amygdala in memory
forming emotional memories
73
Role of the frontal lobe in memory
higher level thinking, using working and long term memory
74
Role of sleep in memory
memory consolidation (turning short term memory into long term memory)
75
Define: long term potentiation
when a neural network is repeated more often, it will become stronger
76
Define: flashbulb memories
vivid and detailed memories of significantly emotional events that are retained for a longer time
77
Example of flashbulb memories
PTSD from war
78
Why are flashbulb memories different
they have higher clarity and emotional significance and can be recalled more vividly later
79
Define: retroactive interference
new info impairs recall of previously learned info
80
Example of retroactive interference
if a new phone number is called, then you may have trouble remembering old phone number
81
Define: proactive intereference
old info makes it hard to remember new info
82
Example: proactive interference
switching to new phone number, but keep recalling old number (old number is interfering with ability to remember new number)
83
Define: absentmindedness
lapse in attention due to memory failures (divided attention, multitasking)
84
Example: absentmindedness
forgetting where you put your keys because you were thinking of something else
85
Define: blocking
memory failure where info is present in memory but cannot be recalled at a given moment
86
Example: blocking
tip of the tongue phenomenon
87
Define: memory misattribution
person remembers info but slightly wrong
88
Example: memory misattribution
remembering a story from a friend, but mistakenly thinking you were the one who experienced it
89
Define: source memory
ability to remember origin of memory
90
Define: source monitoring
process of determining a source of a memory
91
Example: source monitoring
being unsure where you read a fact in a book or heard it from a friend
92
Define: false recognition
person mistakenly identifies previously encountered item or event as familiar, even if it was not experienced
93
Example: false recognition
recognizing name on a list as somebody you known when you have never met them
94
Define: suggestibility
tendency to incorporate misleading info from external sources to one's own memories
95

PSYCH1010 (9 decks)

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