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PSYCH1010 > CHAPTER 6 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Define: learning

A

any relatively permanent change in the behavior of an individual due to past experiences

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2
Q

What is an unconditioned stimulus (US)

A

a stimulus that produces a specific reaction with no conditioning

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3
Q

What is an example of US (unconditioned) stimulus in Pavlov’s study

A

the presence of food

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4
Q

What is an unconditioned response (UR)

A

a natural response to a certain Unconditioned Stimulus

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5
Q

What is an example of UR (unconditioned response) from the Pavlov study

A

salivation in response to the food

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6
Q

What is a conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

a stimulus that naturally produces no response, but when paired with another item, produces a reliable response

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7
Q

What is the example of conditioned stimulus (CS) from the Pavlov study?

A

sound of the bell

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8
Q

What is a conditioned response (CR)?

A

a reliable response to a stimuli that is caused by a conditioned stimulus

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9
Q

Define: classical conditioning

A

conditioning in which a stimulus originally elicits no response, but once connected to an unconditioned stimulus, causes the same response

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10
Q

What is a neutral stimulus

A

stimulus that has no natural response prior to conditioning

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11
Q

What is the neutral stimulus in the Pavlov experiment

A

sound of the bell

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12
Q

What does it mean for a response to be elicited

A

the response is automatically or involuntarily brought about or triggered in response to a specific stimulus

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13
Q

Explain how phobias are examples of classical conditioning

A

Phobias are typically a result of classical conditioning over time (negative unconditioned stimulus linked to the source of phobia)

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14
Q

List the physiological examples of classical conditioning:

A

immune suppression: following classical conditioning, body will produce less antibodies when the taste of a previously-identified medication for this is sensed;

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15
Q

Define: acquisition

A

neutral stimulus becoming the conditioned stimulus through repetitive connection to the unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response

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16
Q

Define: extinction

A

over time, as the conditioned stimulus is no longer linked to the unconditioned stimulus, the conditioned response slowly stops occuring

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17
Q

Define: Spontaneous recovery

A

after a period of time in which the conditioned response has completely stopped occurring, there is a singular event in which it occurs again, although at a lower level

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18
Q

Define: stimulus generalization

A

conditioned response not only happens with the conditioned stimulus but also very similar stimulus

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19
Q

Define: stimulus discrimination

A

conditioned response only happens with the conditioned stimulus and not similar stimulus

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20
Q

Define: higher order conditioning

A

the conditioned stimulus becomes the new unconditioned stimulus for a new conditioned response (unconditioned response to conditioned response to conditioned response)

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21
Q

Define: operant conditioning

A

a type of conditioning in which the consequences of a behavior determines whether or not the behavior will occur again

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22
Q

What does it mean when a behavior is emitted

A

a voluntary action is performed as opposed to it being reflexive (elicit)

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23
Q

Define: Reinforcer

A

a consequence that makes it more likely for the behavior to be repeated in the future

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24
Q

Define: Punisher

A

a consequence that makes it less likely for the behavior to be repeated in the future

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25
Q

What is a contingency

A

an “if-then statement”

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26
Q

What are the 3 parts of a contingency

A

A (antecedent), B (behavior), C (consequence)

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27
Q

What is an antecedent in contingency

A

a specific circumstance

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28
Q

What is a behavior in contingency

A

a particular behavior that is performed

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29
Q

What is a consequence in contingency

A

a consequence that is likely to result

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30
Q

Define: encoding

A

the memory process by which we turn our perceptions, thoughts, feelings into enduring memory

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31
Q

Define: storage

A

the memory process of maintaining info in memory over time

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32
Q

Define: retrieval

A

the memory process of bringing to mind info that has been previously encoded and stored

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33
Q

Define: sensory input

A

sensed information that is transformed into memories

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34
Q

Define: short term memory

A

lasts for less than 20 sec. before it needs to be processed

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35
Q

Example of sensory memory:

A

afterimage

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36
Q

What is an iconic memory

A

visual sensory memory (afterimage

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37
Q

Define: sensory memory

A

memory that briefly stores sensory info from environment (<1 sec)

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38
Q

What is an echoic memory

A

auditory sensory memory (hearing a sound after it has already stopped)

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39
Q

Example of short term memory

A

remembering a phone number just long enough to dial it, but not afterwards

40
Q

What does role of attention mean in short term memory

A

information that we pay more attention to is processed from sensory memory into short term memory to remember longer

41
Q

What does rehearsal mean in short term memory

A

repetitively verbalizing or thinking about info in short term memory to prevent forgetting

42
Q

What does chunking mean in short term memory

A

grouping info together so that it is easier to remember (ex. 21181088906402 turns into 21181 08890 6402)

43
Q

What is an example of rehearsal in short term memory

A

repeating a series of numbers over and over again to input in later

43
Q

What does capacity mean in short term memory (7 plus or minus 2)

A

the majority of people remember between 5 to 9 items in their short term memory at a time (individual items or chunks)

44
Q

Define: elaboration encoding

A

adding newly received sensory info onto previous stored info

45
Q

Define: visual imagery encoding

A

converting info into images to remember better

46
Q

Define: organizational encoding

A

sorting info into groups to remember easier

47
Q

Example of elaboration encoding:

A

adding the term “photosynthesis” onto previous knowledge that “plants use sun to make food”

48
Q

Example of visual imagery encoding:

A

remembering grocery list by visualizing each item in your mind

49
Q

Example of organizational encoding:

A

remembering animals by grouping into birds, reptiles, insects, etc.

50
Q

Define capacity in long term memory

A

the amount of info that can be remembered in any memory system

51
Q

Define consolidation

A

hypothetical process of turning new, unstable short term memories into stable, long term memories

52
Q

Define procedural memory

A

long term memory for performing actions, “how to” knowledge

53
Q

Define autobiographical memory

A

memory of past experiences, combines episodic and semantic memory

54
Q

Define declarative memory

A

memory involving facts, info, events that can be consciously recalled

55
Q

Define episodic memory

A

subcategory of declarative and autobiographical memory involving specific event or experiences in a persons life

56
Q

Define semantic memory

A

subcategory of declarative memory involving general knowledge and facts about the world

57
Q

Give an example of consolidation

A

studying material before sleeping can aid consolidation, making it easier to recall the next day

58
Q

How much is capacity of long term memory

A

unlimited capacity

59
Q

Give an example of an autobiographical memory

A

remembering first day of school

59
Q

Give an example of procedural memory

A

how to tie a tourniquet

60
Q

Give an example of a declarative memory

A

knowing dates of a historical event

61
Q

Give an example of an episodic memory

A

remembering your last birthday

62
Q

Give an example of semantic memory

A

sky is blue

63
Q

Define: encoding specificity principle

A

effectiveness of retrieval cue depends on how well it matches info encoded during learning

64
Q

Define: state dependent retrieval

A

memory retrieval is most effective when individual is in the same state they were in when info was encoded

65
Q

Define: transfer appropriate processing

A

memory retrieval more successful when cognitive process used during encoding is the same as during retrieval

66
Q

Define: retrieval induced forgetting

A

retrieving certain info can impair recall of related, non-retrieved info

67
Q

Give an example of encoding specificity principle

A

if you are sitting in a quiet area when learning the material, you will recall it best in a quiet area

68
Q

Give an example of state dependent retrieval

A

if you are tired when you learn the material, you will recall it best when you are tired

69
Q

Give an example of transfer appropriate processing

A

if you learn a concept in MC and are tested in the same format, you are more likely to have better recall

70
Q

Give an example of retrieval induced forgetting

A

if you repeatedly recall info from one vacation, you may find it harder to remember details of another similar event (more focus on one of the events)

71
Q

Role of the hippocampus in memory

A

forming declarative memories, converting short term memories into long term memories

72
Q

Role of the amygdala in memory

A

forming emotional memories

73
Q

Role of the frontal lobe in memory

A

higher level thinking, using working and long term memory

74
Q

Role of sleep in memory

A

memory consolidation (turning short term memory into long term memory)

75
Q

Define: long term potentiation

A

when a neural network is repeated more often, it will become stronger

76
Q

Define: flashbulb memories

A

vivid and detailed memories of significantly emotional events that are retained for a longer time

77
Q

Example of flashbulb memories

A

PTSD from war

78
Q

Why are flashbulb memories different

A

they have higher clarity and emotional significance and can be recalled more vividly later

79
Q

Define: retroactive interference

A

new info impairs recall of previously learned info

80
Q

Example of retroactive interference

A

if a new phone number is called, then you may have trouble remembering old phone number

81
Q

Define: proactive intereference

A

old info makes it hard to remember new info

82
Q

Example: proactive interference

A

switching to new phone number, but keep recalling old number (old number is interfering with ability to remember new number)

83
Q

Define: absentmindedness

A

lapse in attention due to memory failures (divided attention, multitasking)

84
Q

Example: absentmindedness

A

forgetting where you put your keys because you were thinking of something else

85
Q

Define: blocking

A

memory failure where info is present in memory but cannot be recalled at a given moment

86
Q

Example: blocking

A

tip of the tongue phenomenon

87
Q

Define: memory misattribution

A

person remembers info but slightly wrong

88
Q

Example: memory misattribution

A

remembering a story from a friend, but mistakenly thinking you were the one who experienced it

89
Q

Define: source memory

A

ability to remember origin of memory

90
Q

Define: source monitoring

A

process of determining a source of a memory

91
Q

Example: source monitoring

A

being unsure where you read a fact in a book or heard it from a friend

92
Q

Define: false recognition

A

person mistakenly identifies previously encountered item or event as familiar, even if it was not experienced

93
Q

Example: false recognition

A

recognizing name on a list as somebody you known when you have never met them

94
Q

Define: suggestibility

A

tendency to incorporate misleading info from external sources to one’s own memories

95
Q
A

PSYCH1010 (9 decks)

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