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1 Reservoir Geosciences > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

particular sites where sediment
accumulates and builds a rock.

A

Sedimentary depositional environments

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2
Q

Most sedimentary rocks came from loose?

A

loose
grains of sediment

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3
Q

the collective name for loose, solid particles?

A

Sediment

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4
Q

Sediments are said to be ____________, which means that the grains are separate, or unattached to one another.

A

unconsolidated

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5
Q

themovement of eroded material from one place to another?

A

transportation

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6
Q

a key phase in the process of
erosion, where particles that have been eroded from their original location are moved to a new area by natural forces?

A

transportation of
sediments

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7
Q

Mechanism of sediment transportation are?

A

suspension, saltation, traction, and solution.

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8
Q

the grinding away of sharp edges and corners of rock fragments during transportation.

A

Rounding

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9
Q

It occurs in sand and gravel as rivers, glaciers, or waves cause particles to hit and scrape to one another or against a rock surface.

A

Rounding

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10
Q

process by which sediment grains are selected and separated according to grain size by the agents of transportation (wind, running water)

A

sorting

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11
Q

are considered as well-sorted when the grains are nearly all the same size.

A

sediments

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12
Q

occurs when transported
material settles or comes to rest.

A

Deposition

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13
Q

location in which deposition occurs (ex. Deep seafloor, desert valley, river channel, coral reef, lake bottom, beach, and sand dunes).

A

Environment of deposition

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14
Q

a geomorphic unit in which deposition takes places.

A

depositional environment

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15
Q

_________ are recognized by features preserved in ancient sediments.

A

Geomorphic units

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16
Q

____________ are depressions where sediments are deposited.

A

Depositional Environments

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17
Q

The layers of sediment that accumulate in each type of depositional environment have ______________, which provide important information regarding the geologic history of an area.

A

distinctive characteristics

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18
Q
A
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18
Q

These are environments which are present on the continents, such as ailuvial fans, fluvial environments (rivers), lacustrine environments (lakes), aeolian or eolian environments (deserts), and paludal environments (swamps).

A

Continental Environments

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19
Q

These are fan-shaped deposits formed at the base of mountains where rainfall is infrequent but torrential, and erosion is rapid.

A

Alluvial Fan

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20
Q

____________ sediment is
typically coarse, poorly- sorted
gravel and sand.

A

Alluvial Fan

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21
Q

Channel deposits consist of ?

A

coarse, rounded gravel, and sand.

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22
Q

Bars are made of?

A

sand or gravel

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23
Q

Levees are made of?

A

fine sand or silt

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24
Q

River channels is typically contains?

A

cross-beds and current ripple marks

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25
Q

They may be large or small, shailow or deep, fresh water or salt water, and filled with terrigenous, carbonate, or evaporite sediments.

A

Lakes (Lacustrine Environment)

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25
Q

_________ is deposits thin-bedded
shales, silt, and clay characterized
by mud cracks and fossil footprints of animals.

A

Floodplains

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26
Q

Fine sediment and organic matter settling in some lakes produced _____________-

A

laminated oil shales.

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27
Q

This type of depositional environment can host oil and gas reservoirs, especially in rift basins.

A

Lakes (Lacustrine Environment).

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28
Q

These are areas with little or no rainfall during the year.

A

Deserts (Aeolian or Eolian
Environments)

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29
Q

It usually contains vast areas
where sand is deposited in dunes.

A

Deserts (Aeolian or Eolian
Environments).

30
Q

are well sorted, well rounded, and frosted or polished, without associated gravel or clay.

A

Dune sands

31
Q

Sandstones from aeolian
environments can be excellent
reservoir rocks due to their high ____________

A

porosity and permeability.

32
Q

These are areas of standing water
with trees.

A

Swamps (Paludal Environment)

33
Q

Decaying plant matter accumulates to form peat, which
may eventually become _____

A

coal

34
Q

Found in regions influenced by glaciers.

A

Glacial Environments

35
Q

These sediments can be significant
for understanding past climates and glacial influences on sediment
distribution.

A

till, outwash sands, and glacial lakes deposits

36
Q

These are environments which include deltas, beaches and barrier islands, lagoons, salt marshes, and tidal flats.

A

Transitional Environments

37
Q

________ are low-lying areas that are alternately covered by water and exposed to the air each day.

A

Tidal flats

38
Q

________ are fan-shaped deposits of sediment, formed where a river flows into a standing body of water, such as a lake or sea.

A

Delta

39
Q

Contains a great variety of sub-environments but are generally made up of thick sequences of siltstones and shale, marked by low-angle cross bedding.

A

delta

40
Q

__________ shoreline deposits exposed to wave energy and dominated by sand with a marine fauna.

A

beaches

41
Q

an elongate bar of sand built by wave action.

A

Barrier Island

42
Q

They deposit well-sorted quartz sandstones with well-rounded grains.

A

Barrier Island

43
Q

Barrier Island is characterized by:

A

cross beddings and marine fossils

44
Q

These are bodies of water on the landward side of barrier islands.

A

Lagoons

45
Q

They are protected from the pounding of the ocean waves by the barrier islands, and contain finer sediment than the beaches (usually silt and mud).

A

Lagoons

46
Q

______________________, cut by tidal channels of coarsed sand and containing marine fossils are deposited in lagoons.

A

Fine-grained dark shale

47
Q

These are in the seas or oceans.

A

Marine Environment

48
Q

Marine environments include:

A

reefs,
the continental shelf
slope,
rise, and
abyssal plain.

49
Q

can host extensive hydrocarbon reservoirs, particulariy in continental shelf and slope settings where organic-rich source rocks are present.

A

Marine Environment

50
Q

________ often form significant source and reservoir rocks due to their extensive areal distribution.

A

Marine Environment

51
Q

______________ are nearly flat, gentle sloping edge of the continent that extends under the ocean.

A

Shallow marine clastic

52
Q

____________ is the flooded edge of the continent.

A

Continental shelf

53
Q

The continental shelves are exposed to ___________.

A

waves, tides, and currents.

54
Q

It is relatively flat (with a slope of less than ___), shallow (less than ____________).

A

0.1° , 200 m or 600 ft deep

55
Q

_____________ are located seaward of the continental shelf.

A

continental slope and continental rise

56
Q

The continental slope is the steep (_______) “drop-off’ at the edge of the continent.

A

5-25°

57
Q

The ________ passes seaward into the continental rise, which has a more gradual slope.

A

continental slope

58
Q

The ________ is at the base of the continental slope, where thick accumulations of sediment are deposited.

A

continental rise

59
Q

Shale and graywacke sandstones are deposited in the deep ocean floor.

A

Deep Marine Environment

60
Q

_____________ are deposited by turbidity currents and typically contains graded beds.

A

Graywackes

61
Q

The _____________________ are reflected by the types of sediment that accumulate and thus their potential to contain resources.

A

depositional environments

62
Q

__________ provide direct physical evidence of the subsurface geology.

A

Core Samples

63
Q

Examine the rock types and their characteristics (e.g., sandstones, shales, limestones).

A

Lithology

64
Q

Look for features such as cross-bedding, ripple marks, and graded bedding.

A

Sedimentary Structures

65
Q

Assess the grain size and sorting of the sediment.

A

Grain Size and Sorting

66
Q

Identify fossils or biogenic structures.

A

Biological Indicators

67
Q

Marine environments might contain __________

A

marine fossils

68
Q

freshwater environments may have _____________________.

A

freshwater fossils or plant material.

69
Q

Examine how the lithology and sedimentary structures change vertically and laterally within the core.

A

Facies Changes

70
Q

Look for signs of diagenesis, such as cementation and mineral alteration.

A

Post-Depositional Changes

71
Q

___________________ can affect reservoir quality and provide clues about past environmental conditions.

A

Diagenetic features

72
Q

Case Studies on Real-world examples

Deltaic and shallow marine deposits in the North Sea basin have been extensively studied for oil and gas exploration.

A

The North Sea

73
Q

Case Studies on Real-world examples

Fluvial, deltaic, and marine deposits in the Permian Basin of West Texas provide diverse reservoir opportunities.

A

The Permian Basin

74
Q

Case Studies on Real-world examples

In this evaporative environment, salt and other evaporites form significant reservoirs.

A

The Great Salt Lake:

1 Reservoir Geosciences (6 decks)

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