Chapter 6

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

The ability to store and retrieve information over time.

Question 2

Encoding

Answer 2

The process of transforming what we perceive, think, or feel into an enduring memory.

Question 3

Storage

Answer 3

The process of maintain information in memory over time.

Question 4

Retrieval

Answer 4

The process of bringing to mind information that has been previously enclosed and stored.

Question 5

Semantic Encoding

Answer 5

The process of relating new information in a meaningful way to knowledge that is already stored in memory.

Question 6

Visual Imagery Encoding

Answer 6

The process of storing new information by converting it into mental pictures.

Question 7

Organizational Encoding

Answer 7

The process of categorizing information according to the relationship among a series of items.

Question 8

Sensory Memory

Answer 8

A type of storage that holds sensory information for a few seconds or less.

Question 9

Iconic Memory

Answer 9

A fast-decaying store of visual information.

Question 10

Echoic Memory

Answer 10

A fast-decaying store of auditory information.

Question 11

Short-term Memory

Answer 11

A type of storage that hold non-sensory information for more than a few seconds but less than a minute.

Question 12

Rehersal

Answer 12

The process of keeping information in short-term memory by mentally repeating it.

Question 13

Chunking

Answer 13

Combining small pieces of information into larger clusters or chunks that are more easily held in short-term memory.

Question 14

Working Memory

Answer 14

Active maintenace of information in short-term storage.

Question 15

Long-term Memory

Answer 15

A type of storage that holds information for hours, days, week, or years.

Question 16

Retrograde Amnesia

Answer 16

The ability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular date, usually the date of an injury or surgery.

Question 17

Consolidation

Answer 17

The process by which memories become stable in the brain.

Question 18

Reconsolidation

Answer 18

The process whereby memories can become vulnerable to disruption when they are recalled, thus requiring them to be consolidated again.

Question 19

Long-term Potentiation

Answer 19

A process whereby communication across the synapse between neurons strengthen the connection, making further communication easier.

Question 20

Retrieval Cue

Answer 20

External information that is associated with stored information and helps bring it to mind,

Question 21

Encoding Specificity Principle

Answer 21

A retrieval cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps re-create the specific way in which information was initially encoded.

Question 22

State-dependent Retrieval

Answer 22

The process whereby information tends to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval.

Question 23

Transfer-appropriate Processing

Answer 23

The idea that memory is likely to transfer from one situation to another when the encoding and retrieval contexts of the situation match.

Question 24

Retrieval-induced Forgetting

Answer 24

A process by which retrieving an item from long-term memory impairs subsequent recall of related items.

Question 25

Explicit Memory

Answer 25

When people consciously or intentionally retrieve past experiences.

Question 26

Implicit Memory

Answer 26

Past experiences influence later behavior and performance, even without an effort to remember them or an awareness of recollection.

Question 27

Procedural Memory

Answer 27

The gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice, or “knowing how” to do things.

Question 28

Priming

Answer 28

An enhanced ability to think of a stimulus, such as a word or object, as a result of a recent exposure to the stimulus.

Question 29

Semantic Memory

Answer 29

A network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world.

Question 30

Episodic Memory

Answer 30

The collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place.

Question 31

Transience

Answer 31

Forgetting what occurs with the passage of time.

Question 32

Retroactive Interference

Answer 32

Situations in which later learning impairs memory for information acquired earlier.

Question 33

Proactive Interference

Answer 33

Situations in which learning impairs memory for information acquired later.

Question 34

Absentmindedness

Answer 34

A lapse in attention that results in memory failure.

Question 35

Prospective Memory

Answer 35

Remembering to do things in the future.

Question 36

Blocking

Answer 36

A failure to retrieve information that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it.

Question 37

Memory Misattribution

Answer 37

Assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source.

Question 38

Source Memory

Answer 38

Recall of when, where, and how information was acquired.

Question 39

Suggestibility

Answer 39

Tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollections.

Question 40

Bias

Answer 40

The distorting influence of present knowledge, beliefs, and feelings on recollection of previous experiences.

Question 41

Persistence

Answer 41

The intrusive recollection of events of events that we wish we could forget.

Question 42

Flashbulb Memories

Answer 42

Detailed recollections of when and where we heard about shocking events.