chapter 6 Flashcards
1
Q
layer of tissue that makes up the skin and nervous system components
A
ectoderm
2
Q
layer of tissue that makes up muscles and bones
A
mesoderm
3
Q
layer of tissue that makes up the urinary system, endocrine system, and blood vessels
A
endoderm
4
Q
well differentiated
A
benign
5
Q
less or poorly differentiated
A
malignant
6
Q
to form new growth (tumor)
A
proliferation
7
Q
loss of normal cell growth mechanisms to produce tissue growth OUT of normal growth controls, resulting in metastasis
A
cancer
8
Q
signal the cell cycle control system; determine whether the cell wil go through a complete cycle and divide
A
growth factors
9
Q
the binding of ——— to specific receptors on the plasma membrane is usually necessary for cell division
A
growth factors
10
Q
cells continue dividing until they touch one another
A
density-dependent inhibition
11
Q
the total number of cells in the body __________
A
remains constant
number of cells created = number of cells that die
12
Q
growth properties of cancer
A
- lack density-dependent or contact inhibition
- anchorage dependence
- faulty cell-to cell communication
- immortal
13
Q
the process by which cells grow and proliferate more when they are attached to a solid surface or extracellular matrix (ECM)
A
anchorage dependence
14
Q
the more differentiated a cell becomes,
A
the higher the chance that it will lose its potential to undergo further mitosis
15
Q
- code for normal cell division proteins
- growth factors, growth factor receptors, transcription factors, cell cycle proteins, apoptosis inhibitors
- may mutate to oncogenes
A
proto-oncogenes
16
Q
mutations that may promote oncogene synthesis
A
insertions, deletions, translocations
17
Q
inhibit cell division
A
tumor suppressor genes
18
Q
stages of carcinogenesis
A
- initation
- promotion
- progression
19
Q
systemic manifestations of cancer
A
- anemia
- anorexia and cachexia
- fatigue and sleep disturbances
- ectopic hormones or factors secreted by tumor cells (paraneoplastic disorders)
20
Q
a condition of general ill health and malnutrition, marked by weakness and emaciation
A
cachexia
21
Q
relating to alterations produced in tissue remote from a tumor or its metastases
A
paraneoplastic
22
Q
the basic tissue or elements of an organ as distinguished from supporting or connective tissue or elements
A
parenchyma
23
Q
M1
A
distant metastasis (cancer is systemic)
24
Q
M0
A
no distant metastasis (cancer is localized)
25
* **source: fetal yolk sac and GI structures early in fetal life**
* **associated cancers: primary liver cancers; germ cell cancer of the testis**
AFP (alpha-Fetoprotein)
26
* **source: embryonic tissues in the gut, pancreas, and liver**
* **associated cancers: colorectal cancer and cancers of the pancreas, lung, and stomach**
cardioembryonic antigen (CEA)
27
* source: **hormone normally produced by placenta**
* associated cancers: **gestational trophoblastic tumors, germ cell cancer of testis**
hormone chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
28
* **source:hormones produced by thyroid parafollicular cells**
* **associated cancers: thyroid cancer**
calcitonin
29
* **source: hormones produced by chromaffin cells of the adrenal glands**
* **associated cancers: phedrochromocytoma and related tumors**
catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine) and metabolites
30
* **source: abnormal immunoglobulin produced by neoplastic cells**
* **associated cancers: multiple myeloma**
monoclonal immunoglobulin
31
* **source: produced by the epithelial cell lining the acini and ducts of the prostate**
* **associated cancers: prostate cancer**
prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
32
* **source: produced by müllerian cells of the ovary**
* **associated cancer(s): ovarian cancer**
CA-125
33
* **source: produced by alimentary tract epithelium**
* **associated cancers: cancer of the pancreas and colon**
CA-19-9
34
* **source: present on leukocytes**
* **associated cancers: used to determine the type and level of differentiation of leukocytes involved in different types of leukemia and lymphoma**
CD antigens
35
involves the use of antibodies to facilitate the identification of cell products or surface markers
immunohistochemistry
36
microscopic examination of differentiation and number of mitoses
grading
37
I =
well differentiated
38
IV =
poorly differentiated
39
clinical, radiographic, surgical examination of extent and spread to assess prognosis and treatment
staging
40
TNM
* **T**umor size
* Lymph **N**odes
* **M**etastases
41
stages 0-IV tells us
the size of the primary lesion and presence of nodal spread and metastasis
42
T
primary tumor
43
T0
no evidence of a primary tumor
44
Tis
carcinoma in situ (early cancer, not spreading to neighboring tissue)
45
size or extent of the primary tumor
T1-T4
46
NX
regional lymph nodes cannot be evaluated
47
N0
no regional lymph node involvement (no cancer found in lymph nodes)
48
N1-N3
involvement of regional lymph nodes (number and/or extent of spread)
49
* contain cells that look like normal tissue cells
* may perform the normal function of the tissue
* grow slowly
* surrounded by a fibrous capsule
* do not infiltrate, invade, or metastasize
* can damage nearby organs by compressing
benign tumors
50
* contain cells that do NOT look like normal adult cells
* do not peform normal functions of the tissue--may secrete signals, enzymes, toxins, etc
* grows rapidly
* lack capsules--sends "legs" into surrounding tissue
* infiltrate, invade, and metastasize
* can compress and/or destroy the surrounding tissues
* can invade other tissues and may kill the organism
malignant tumors
51
cancer treatment
* surgical removal (localized solid tumors and maybe adjacent tissues)
* radiation (localized tumors)
* chemotherapy
52
destroys rapidly dividing cells by crosslinking DNA
radiation
53
host and environmental factors that lead to cancer
* Mendelian inheritance of genes (BRCA-1, BRCA-2, RB)
* reproductive hormones
* obesity
* immune surveillance and tumor antigens
* chemical carcinogens (cigarettes, alcohol, diet)
* radiation
* viruses, bacteria
54
typically have an earlier age of onset, an increased frequency of multifocal lesions in a single origin and bilateral involvement of paired organs or multiple primary tumors
heritable forms of cancer
55
most adult cancers are of ___________________ origin
epithelial cell
56
most childhood cancers typically involve
the hematopoietic system, nervous system, or connective tissue
57
initial mutation occurs
initiation of carcinogenesis
58
mutated cells are stimulated to divide
promotion of carcinogenesis
59
tumor cells compete w/ another to develop more mutations, which make them more aggressive
progression of carcinogenesis
60
how to name benign tumors
tissue name + "oma"
61
how to name epithelial malignant tumors
tumor name + "carcinoma"
62
how to name malignant glandular tumors
tissue name + "adenocarcinoma"
63
how to name malignant mesenchymal tumors
tissue name + "sarcoma"
64
how is growth promoted via oncogenesis (5)
* overexpression of GFRs making cells more sensitive to growth stimuli (c-erb-82)
* increased GF signal transduction by an oncogene that lacks the GTPase activity that limits GTP induction of cytoplasmic kinases (ras)
* overexpression of a gene product by simulation from an oncogene such as ras (c-sis)
* lack of normal gene regulation through translocation of a gene where it is controlled by surrounding genes to a place where its no longer inhibited (c-abl)
* binding of an oncogene product to the nucleus w/ DNA transcriptional activation (c-mgc)
65
how is apoptosis limited in oncogenesis
overexpression of gene, activated by translocation, prevents apoptosis (bcl-2)
66
how is the tumor suppressor gene function lost during oncogenesis (5)
* lack of normal growth inhibition (BRCA-1)
* lack of regulation of cell adhesion w/ loss of growth control through cell interaction (APC)
* loss of down-regulatio of growth-promoting signal transduction (NF-1)
* loss of regulation of cell cycle activation thru sequestration of transcriptional factors (Rb)
* loss of regulation of cell cycle activation through lack of inhibition of cell proliferation that allows DNA repair (p53)
67
describes the loss of cell differentiation in cancerous tissue
anaplasia
68
defects in growth factor signaling pathways
* evasion of apoptosis
* evasion of cellular senescence
* development of sustained angiogensis
* invasion metastasis
69
* a process that occurs when an active protein is bound to an inactive complex by an inhibitor
* this process can create ultrasensitivity, which is important for cellular regulation
sequestration
70
a biological process that describes the gradual deterioration of an organism's functional characteristics and aging of cells
senescence
71
molecular and cellular mechanisms that involve changes in the patterns of gene expression w/o a change in DNA
epigenetic mechanisms
72
describes the initial lymph node to which the primary tumor drains
sentinel node
