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Pathophysiology > chapter 6 > Flashcards

chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

layer of tissue that makes up the skin and nervous system components

A

ectoderm

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2
Q

layer of tissue that makes up muscles and bones

A

mesoderm

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3
Q

layer of tissue that makes up the urinary system, endocrine system, and blood vessels

A

endoderm

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4
Q

well differentiated

A

benign

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5
Q

less or poorly differentiated

A

malignant

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6
Q

to form new growth (tumor)

A

proliferation

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7
Q

loss of normal cell growth mechanisms to produce tissue growth OUT of normal growth controls, resulting in metastasis

A

cancer

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8
Q

signal the cell cycle control system; determine whether the cell wil go through a complete cycle and divide

A

growth factors

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9
Q

the binding of ——— to specific receptors on the plasma membrane is usually necessary for cell division

A

growth factors

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10
Q

cells continue dividing until they touch one another

A

density-dependent inhibition

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11
Q

the total number of cells in the body __________

A

remains constant

number of cells created = number of cells that die

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12
Q

growth properties of cancer

A
  • lack density-dependent or contact inhibition
  • anchorage dependence
  • faulty cell-to cell communication
  • immortal
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13
Q

the process by which cells grow and proliferate more when they are attached to a solid surface or extracellular matrix (ECM)

A

anchorage dependence

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14
Q

the more differentiated a cell becomes,

A

the higher the chance that it will lose its potential to undergo further mitosis

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15
Q
  • code for normal cell division proteins
  • growth factors, growth factor receptors, transcription factors, cell cycle proteins, apoptosis inhibitors
  • may mutate to oncogenes
A

proto-oncogenes

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16
Q

mutations that may promote oncogene synthesis

A

insertions, deletions, translocations

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17
Q

inhibit cell division

A

tumor suppressor genes

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18
Q

stages of carcinogenesis

A
  1. initation
  2. promotion
  3. progression
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19
Q

systemic manifestations of cancer

A
  • anemia
  • anorexia and cachexia
  • fatigue and sleep disturbances
  • ectopic hormones or factors secreted by tumor cells (paraneoplastic disorders)
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20
Q

a condition of general ill health and malnutrition, marked by weakness and emaciation

A

cachexia

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21
Q

relating to alterations produced in tissue remote from a tumor or its metastases

A

paraneoplastic

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22
Q

the basic tissue or elements of an organ as distinguished from supporting or connective tissue or elements

A

parenchyma

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23
Q

M1

A

distant metastasis (cancer is systemic)

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24
Q

M0

A

no distant metastasis (cancer is localized)

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25
Q
  • source: fetal yolk sac and GI structures early in fetal life
  • associated cancers: primary liver cancers; germ cell cancer of the testis
A

AFP (alpha-Fetoprotein)

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26
Q
  • source: embryonic tissues in the gut, pancreas, and liver
  • associated cancers: colorectal cancer and cancers of the pancreas, lung, and stomach
A

cardioembryonic antigen (CEA)

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27
Q
  • source: hormone normally produced by placenta
  • associated cancers: gestational trophoblastic tumors, germ cell cancer of testis
A

hormone chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

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28
Q
  • source:hormones produced by thyroid parafollicular cells
  • associated cancers: thyroid cancer
A

calcitonin

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29
Q
  • source: hormones produced by chromaffin cells of the adrenal glands
  • associated cancers: phedrochromocytoma and related tumors
A

catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine) and metabolites

30
Q
  • source: abnormal immunoglobulin produced by neoplastic cells
  • associated cancers: multiple myeloma
A

monoclonal immunoglobulin

31
Q
  • source: produced by the epithelial cell lining the acini and ducts of the prostate
  • associated cancers: prostate cancer
A

prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

32
Q
  • source: produced by müllerian cells of the ovary
  • associated cancer(s): ovarian cancer
A

CA-125

33
Q
  • source: produced by alimentary tract epithelium
  • associated cancers: cancer of the pancreas and colon
A

CA-19-9

34
Q
  • source: present on leukocytes
  • associated cancers: used to determine the type and level of differentiation of leukocytes involved in different types of leukemia and lymphoma
A

CD antigens

35
Q

involves the use of antibodies to facilitate the identification of cell products or surface markers

A

immunohistochemistry

36
Q

microscopic examination of differentiation and number of mitoses

A

grading

37
Q

I =

A

well differentiated

38
Q

IV =

A

poorly differentiated

39
Q

clinical, radiographic, surgical examination of extent and spread to assess prognosis and treatment

A

staging

40
Q

TNM

A
  • Tumor size
  • Lymph Nodes
  • Metastases
41
Q

stages 0-IV tells us

A

the size of the primary lesion and presence of nodal spread and metastasis

42
Q

T

A

primary tumor

43
Q

T0

A

no evidence of a primary tumor

44
Q

Tis

A

carcinoma in situ (early cancer, not spreading to neighboring tissue)

45
Q

size or extent of the primary tumor

A

T1-T4

46
Q

NX

A

regional lymph nodes cannot be evaluated

47
Q

N0

A

no regional lymph node involvement (no cancer found in lymph nodes)

48
Q

N1-N3

A

involvement of regional lymph nodes (number and/or extent of spread)

49
Q
  • contain cells that look like normal tissue cells
  • may perform the normal function of the tissue
  • grow slowly
  • surrounded by a fibrous capsule
  • do not infiltrate, invade, or metastasize
  • can damage nearby organs by compressing
A

benign tumors

50
Q
  • contain cells that do NOT look like normal adult cells
  • do not peform normal functions of the tissue–may secrete signals, enzymes, toxins, etc
  • grows rapidly
  • lack capsules–sends “legs” into surrounding tissue
  • infiltrate, invade, and metastasize
  • can compress and/or destroy the surrounding tissues
  • can invade other tissues and may kill the organism
A

malignant tumors

51
Q

cancer treatment

A
  • surgical removal (localized solid tumors and maybe adjacent tissues)
  • radiation (localized tumors)
  • chemotherapy
52
Q

destroys rapidly dividing cells by crosslinking DNA

A

radiation

53
Q

host and environmental factors that lead to cancer

A
  • Mendelian inheritance of genes (BRCA-1, BRCA-2, RB)
  • reproductive hormones
  • obesity
  • immune surveillance and tumor antigens
  • chemical carcinogens (cigarettes, alcohol, diet)
  • radiation
  • viruses, bacteria
54
Q

typically have an earlier age of onset, an increased frequency of multifocal lesions in a single origin and bilateral involvement of paired organs or multiple primary tumors

A

heritable forms of cancer

55
Q

most adult cancers are of ___________________ origin

A

epithelial cell

56
Q

most childhood cancers typically involve

A

the hematopoietic system, nervous system, or connective tissue

57
Q

initial mutation occurs

A

initiation of carcinogenesis

58
Q

mutated cells are stimulated to divide

A

promotion of carcinogenesis

59
Q

tumor cells compete w/ another to develop more mutations, which make them more aggressive

A

progression of carcinogenesis

60
Q

how to name benign tumors

A

tissue name + “oma”

61
Q

how to name epithelial malignant tumors

A

tumor name + “carcinoma”

62
Q

how to name malignant glandular tumors

A

tissue name + “adenocarcinoma”

63
Q

how to name malignant mesenchymal tumors

A

tissue name + “sarcoma”

64
Q

how is growth promoted via oncogenesis (5)

A
  • overexpression of GFRs making cells more sensitive to growth stimuli (c-erb-82)
  • increased GF signal transduction by an oncogene that lacks the GTPase activity that limits GTP induction of cytoplasmic kinases (ras)
  • overexpression of a gene product by simulation from an oncogene such as ras (c-sis)
  • lack of normal gene regulation through translocation of a gene where it is controlled by surrounding genes to a place where its no longer inhibited (c-abl)
  • binding of an oncogene product to the nucleus w/ DNA transcriptional activation (c-mgc)
65
Q

how is apoptosis limited in oncogenesis

A

overexpression of gene, activated by translocation, prevents apoptosis (bcl-2)

66
Q

how is the tumor suppressor gene function lost during oncogenesis (5)

A
  • lack of normal growth inhibition (BRCA-1)
  • lack of regulation of cell adhesion w/ loss of growth control through cell interaction (APC)
  • loss of down-regulatio of growth-promoting signal transduction (NF-1)
  • loss of regulation of cell cycle activation thru sequestration of transcriptional factors (Rb)
  • loss of regulation of cell cycle activation through lack of inhibition of cell proliferation that allows DNA repair (p53)
67
Q

describes the loss of cell differentiation in cancerous tissue

A

anaplasia

68
Q

defects in growth factor signaling pathways

A
  • evasion of apoptosis
  • evasion of cellular senescence
  • development of sustained angiogensis
  • invasion metastasis
69
Q
  • a process that occurs when an active protein is bound to an inactive complex by an inhibitor
  • this process can create ultrasensitivity, which is important for cellular regulation
A

sequestration

70
Q

a biological process that describes the gradual deterioration of an organism’s functional characteristics and aging of cells

A

senescence

71
Q

molecular and cellular mechanisms that involve changes in the patterns of gene expression w/o a change in DNA

A

epigenetic mechanisms

72
Q

describes the initial lymph node to which the primary tumor drains

A

sentinel node

Pathophysiology (7 decks)

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