chapter 2

Question 1

present on rough ER, protein synthesis

Answer 1

ribosomes

Question 2

responsible for lipid and steroid synthesis and glucosse storage

Answer 2

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 3

makes proteins and digestive enzymes

Answer 3

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 4

processes and sorts/packages proteins

Answer 4

golgi apparatus

Question 5

cellular powerhouse, energy production, aerobic respiration

Answer 5

mitochondria

Question 6

recycling center of cell

Answer 6

lysosomes

Question 7

detoxification of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen

Answer 7

peroxisomes

Question 8

types of RNA

Answer 8

mRNA
tRNA
rRNA

Question 9

a single-stranded molecule that carries genetic information from DNA in the cell nucleus to the cytoplasm, where proteins are made.

Answer 9

mRNA

Question 10

RNA responsible for ribosomal synthesis

Answer 10

rRNA

Question 10

matches amino acids to mRNA genetic code to create proteins

Answer 10

tRNA

Question 11

span the entire bilayer

Answer 11

integral proteins

Question 12

bound to one or the other side of the membrane

Answer 12

peripheral proteins

Question 13

functions of the cell membrane (3)

Answer 13

• provides receptors for hormones and other biologically active substances
• participates in the electrical events that occur in nerve and muscle cells
• aid in the regulation of cell growth and proliferation

Question 14

occurs wehn a cell releases a chemical into the ECF that affects its own activity

Answer 14

autocrine signaling

Question 15

acts on nearby cells; relies on hormones carried in the bloodstream to cells throughout the body

Answer 15

endocrine signaling

Question 16

localized; acts on nearby cells

Answer 16

paracrine signaling

Question 17

occurs in the nervous system, where neurotransmitters act only on adjacent nerve cells

Answer 17

synaptic signaling

Question 18

responsible for commnication, control, and coordination; transmits electrical signals throughout the body

Answer 18

nervous tissue

Question 19

• short, branched, striated, and uninucleated
• contains intercalated disks for communication
• responsible for involuntary movement in heart

Answer 19

cardiac muscle

Question 20

• short, spindled, non-striated, and uninucleated
• organ walls
• responsible for involuntary movement

Answer 20

smooth muscle

Question 21

• long, cylindrical, striated, and multinucleated
• skeletal muscles
• responsible for movement

Answer 21

skeletal muscle

Question 22

• contains actin and myosin filaments
• contracts and provides locomotion and movment of skeletal structures, pumping blood through the heart, contraction of blood vessels and visceral organs

Answer 22

muscle tissue

Question 23

• composed of a mineralized matrix
• can be compact or cancellous

Answer 23

osseous (bone) tissue

Question 24

most abundant and strong type of cartilage, between rib and sternum, and in fetal cartilage

Answer 24

hyaline cartilage

Question 25

acts as a cushion within joints, reducing stress and managing compression force

Answer 25

fibrocartilage

Question 26

a type of cartilage that's flexible and resilient, and is found in parts of the body that need to bend and move

Answer 26

elastic cartilage

Question 27

* fluid matrix = plasma * formed elements (RBCs, WBCs, platelets)

Answer 27

blood

Question 28

* contains parallel collagen fibers * tendons and ligaments

Answer 28

dense regular connective tissue

Question 29

* collagen fibers is various orientations * dermis of skin

Answer 29

dense irregular connective tissue

Question 30

* primarily adipocytes * deep to skin, breasts, and around kidneys

Answer 30

adipose tissue

Question 31

cell division that occurs in somatic cells

Answer 31

mitosis

Question 32

cell division that occurs in gamete-producing organs

Answer 32

meiosis

Question 33

integral proteins that span the width of the cell membrane

Answer 33

ion channels

Question 34

* exist across the membranes as a result of ion distribution * describe the ability of separated charges of opposite polarity to do work

Answer 34

electric potential

Question 35

the electrical potential difference across a cell's plasma membrane when the cell is at rest and not actively transmitting signals

Answer 35

resting membrane potential

Question 36

describes the voltage generated by ions that diffuse across the cell membrane

Answer 36

diffusion potential

Question 37

the one in which no net movement of ions occurs because the diffusion and electrical forces are exactly balanced

Answer 37

equilibrium potential

Question 38

* causes an inward membrane current and depolarizes membrane potential

Answer 38

cation influx

Question 39

* causes an outward current and hyperpolarizes membrane potential

Answer 39

cation efflux

Question 40

* cells with similar embryonic origin (mesenchyme) or function that are often organized into larger functional units * four types

Answer 40

tissues

Question 41

tissue present in the lining of GI tract organs and other hollow organs, epidermis

Answer 41

epithelial tissue

Question 42

tissue that makes up bone, tendon, fat, and other soft padding tissue

Answer 42

connective tissue

Question 43

tissue that makes up cardiac, smooth, and skeletal muscle

Answer 43

muscle tissue

Question 44

tissue that makes up the brain, spinal cord, and nerves

Answer 44

nervous tissue

Question 45

surface present at the top of a cell

Answer 45

apical surface

Question 46

divider between epithelial cells and underlying connective tissue

Answer 46

basement membrane

Question 47

seals the surface membranes of adjacent cells together

Answer 47

tight junctions

Question 48

represents a site of strong adhesion between cells

Answer 48

adhering juncitons

Question 49

involve the close adherence of adjoining cell membranes within the formation of channels linking the cytoplasm of the two cells

Answer 49

gap juncitons

Question 50

a type of epithelial tissue that is one cell layer thick

Answer 50

simple epithelia

Question 51

a type of epithelial tissue that is multiple cell layers thick

Answer 51

stratified epithelia

Question 52

a type of epithelial tissue that is false-layered; is actually only 1 layer thick, and all are attached to the basement membrane but not all to the apical surface

Answer 52

pseudostratified epithelia ## Footnote pseudostratified ciliated epithelia are typically present in the respiratory tract

Question 53

appears to be stratified squamous (typically bladder when full) and seems to be stratified cuboidal when empty; "stretches"

Answer 53

transitional epithelia

Question 54

flat-shaped cell

Answer 54

squamous epithelia

Question 55

cube-shaped; forms/lines ducts ## Footnote ex: kidneys

Answer 55

cuboidal epithelia

Question 56

column shaped, responsible for absorption, secretion, and transportation; may have microvilli

Answer 56

columnar epithelia

Question 57

* most abundant tissue of the body * connects and binds or supports the various tissue types

Answer 57

connective tissue

Question 58

types of loose connective tissuse

Answer 58

* adipose * areolar * reticular

Question 59

* all ct fibers and cell types * acts as a space filler throughout the body * surrounds the organs, found under basement membrane

Answer 59

areolar connective tissue

Question 60

contains reticular fibers, macrophages, and wandering cells; present in spleen and lymph nodes

Answer 60

reticular connective tissue

Question 61

contains parallel collagen fibers; makes up tendons and ligaments

Answer 61

dense regular connective tissue

Question 62

contains collagen fibers in various orientations ## Footnote ex: dermis

Answer 62

dense irregular connective tissue

Question 63

* contains a fluid matrix and plasma * formed elements

Answer 63

blood