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Pathophysiology > chapter 2 > Flashcards

chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

present on rough ER, protein synthesis

A

ribosomes

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2
Q

responsible for lipid and steroid synthesis and glucosse storage

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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3
Q

makes proteins and digestive enzymes

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum

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4
Q

processes and sorts/packages proteins

A

golgi apparatus

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5
Q

cellular powerhouse, energy production, aerobic respiration

A

mitochondria

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6
Q

recycling center of cell

A

lysosomes

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7
Q

detoxification of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen

A

peroxisomes

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8
Q

types of RNA

A

mRNA
tRNA
rRNA

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9
Q

a single-stranded molecule that carries genetic information from DNA in the cell nucleus to the cytoplasm, where proteins are made.

A

mRNA

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10
Q

RNA responsible for ribosomal synthesis

A

rRNA

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10
Q

matches amino acids to mRNA genetic code to create proteins

A

tRNA

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11
Q

span the entire bilayer

A

integral proteins

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12
Q

bound to one or the other side of the membrane

A

peripheral proteins

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13
Q

functions of the cell membrane (3)

A
  • provides receptors for hormones and other biologically active substances
  • participates in the electrical events that occur in nerve and muscle cells
  • aid in the regulation of cell growth and proliferation
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14
Q

occurs wehn a cell releases a chemical into the ECF that affects its own activity

A

autocrine signaling

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15
Q

acts on nearby cells; relies on hormones carried in the bloodstream to cells throughout the body

A

endocrine signaling

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16
Q

localized; acts on nearby cells

A

paracrine signaling

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17
Q

occurs in the nervous system, where neurotransmitters act only on adjacent nerve cells

A

synaptic signaling

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18
Q

responsible for commnication, control, and coordination; transmits electrical signals throughout the body

A

nervous tissue

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19
Q
  • short, branched, striated, and uninucleated
  • contains intercalated disks for communication
  • responsible for involuntary movement in heart
A

cardiac muscle

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20
Q
  • short, spindled, non-striated, and uninucleated
  • organ walls
  • responsible for involuntary movement
A

smooth muscle

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21
Q
  • long, cylindrical, striated, and multinucleated
  • skeletal muscles
  • responsible for movement
A

skeletal muscle

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22
Q
  • contains actin and myosin filaments
  • contracts and provides locomotion and movment of skeletal structures, pumping blood through the heart, contraction of blood vessels and visceral organs
A

muscle tissue

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23
Q
  • composed of a mineralized matrix
  • can be compact or cancellous
A

osseous (bone) tissue

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24
Q

most abundant and strong type of cartilage, between rib and sternum, and in fetal cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage

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25
Q

acts as a cushion within joints, reducing stress and managing compression force

A

fibrocartilage

26
Q

a type of cartilage that’s flexible and resilient, and is found in parts of the body that need to bend and move

A

elastic cartilage

27
Q
  • fluid matrix = plasma
  • formed elements (RBCs, WBCs, platelets)
A

blood

28
Q
  • contains parallel collagen fibers
  • tendons and ligaments
A

dense regular connective tissue

29
Q
  • collagen fibers is various orientations
  • dermis of skin
A

dense irregular connective tissue

30
Q
  • primarily adipocytes
  • deep to skin, breasts, and around kidneys
A

adipose tissue

31
Q

cell division that occurs in somatic cells

A

mitosis

32
Q

cell division that occurs in gamete-producing organs

A

meiosis

33
Q

integral proteins that span the width of the cell membrane

A

ion channels

34
Q
  • exist across the membranes as a result of ion distribution
  • describe the ability of separated charges of opposite polarity to do work
A

electric potential

35
Q

the electrical potential difference across a cell’s plasma membrane when the cell is at rest and not actively transmitting signals

A

resting membrane potential

36
Q

describes the voltage generated by ions that diffuse across the cell membrane

A

diffusion potential

37
Q

the one in which no net movement of ions occurs because the diffusion and electrical forces are exactly balanced

A

equilibrium potential

38
Q
  • causes an inward membrane current and depolarizes membrane potential
A

cation influx

39
Q
  • causes an outward current and hyperpolarizes membrane potential
A

cation efflux

40
Q
  • cells with similar embryonic origin (mesenchyme) or function that are often organized into larger functional units
  • four types
A

tissues

41
Q

tissue present in the lining of GI tract organs and other hollow organs, epidermis

A

epithelial tissue

42
Q

tissue that makes up bone, tendon, fat, and other soft padding tissue

A

connective tissue

43
Q

tissue that makes up cardiac, smooth, and skeletal muscle

A

muscle tissue

44
Q

tissue that makes up the brain, spinal cord, and nerves

A

nervous tissue

45
Q

surface present at the top of a cell

A

apical surface

46
Q

divider between epithelial cells and underlying connective tissue

A

basement membrane

47
Q

seals the surface membranes of adjacent cells together

A

tight junctions

48
Q

represents a site of strong adhesion between cells

A

adhering juncitons

49
Q

involve the close adherence of adjoining cell membranes within the formation of channels linking the cytoplasm of the two cells

A

gap juncitons

50
Q

a type of epithelial tissue that is one cell layer thick

A

simple epithelia

51
Q

a type of epithelial tissue that is multiple cell layers thick

A

stratified epithelia

52
Q

a type of epithelial tissue that is false-layered; is actually only 1 layer thick, and all are attached to the basement membrane but not all to the apical surface

A

pseudostratified epithelia

pseudostratified ciliated epithelia are typically present in the respiratory tract

53
Q

appears to be stratified squamous (typically bladder when full) and seems to be stratified cuboidal when empty; “stretches”

A

transitional epithelia

54
Q

flat-shaped cell

A

squamous epithelia

55
Q

cube-shaped; forms/lines ducts

ex: kidneys

A

cuboidal epithelia

56
Q

column shaped, responsible for absorption, secretion, and transportation; may have microvilli

A

columnar epithelia

57
Q
  • most abundant tissue of the body
  • connects and binds or supports the various tissue types
A

connective tissue

58
Q

types of loose connective tissuse

A
  • adipose
  • areolar
  • reticular
59
Q
  • all ct fibers and cell types
  • acts as a space filler throughout the body
  • surrounds the organs, found under basement membrane
A

areolar connective tissue

60
Q

contains reticular fibers, macrophages, and wandering cells; present in spleen and lymph nodes

A

reticular connective tissue

61
Q

contains parallel collagen fibers; makes up tendons and ligaments

A

dense regular connective tissue

62
Q

contains collagen fibers in various orientations

ex: dermis

A

dense irregular connective tissue

63
Q
  • contains a fluid matrix and plasma
  • formed elements
A

blood

Pathophysiology (7 decks)

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