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Pathophysiology > chapter 12 > Flashcards

chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

action of the phagocytic system (4)

A
  • migrate to the site of infection
  • aggregate around the affected tissue
  • envelop the invading microorganisms
  • generate microbicidal substances to kill the ingested pathogens
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2
Q

composed primarily of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and mononuclear phagocytes

A

phagocytic system

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3
Q

immune system response that reacts to antigens and “remembers” an invader

A

active immunity

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4
Q

steps to lymphocyte proliferation

A
  1. stem cells in red bone marrow give rise to undifferentiated lymphocytes
  2. some undifferentiated lymphocytes are processed in the thymus to become T cells
  3. some undifferentiated lymphocytes are processed, probably within the bone marrow, to become B cells
  4. both T and B cells are transported through the blood to lymphatic organs (lymph nodes. lymphatic ducts, and spleen)
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5
Q

secrete antibodies that attack antigens

A

B cells

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6
Q

attack cells infected w/ pathogens

A

T cells

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7
Q

an antigen-presenting cell (APC) first displays a foreign antigen and one of the body’s own self proteins to a helper T cell

A

cell-mediated immunity

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8
Q

main effectors of cell-mediated immunity

A

helper and cytotoxic T cells

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9
Q
  • help to stimulate humoral responses
  • recognize the self-nonself complexes on the APC
  • can activate cytotoxic T cells
A

helper T cells

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10
Q
  • may help prevent cancer by attacking cells
  • binds to infected body cells and destroys them
A

cytotoxic T cells

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11
Q

how cytotoxic T cells destroy infected body cells

A
  1. cytotoxic T cell binds to the infected cell
  2. perforin makes holes in the infected cell’s membrane
  3. infected cell is destroyed
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12
Q
  • located in tissue fluid and plasma
  • activates complement
  • defends against bacteria, viruses, and toxins
A

IgG

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13
Q
  • located in exocrine gland secretions
  • defends against bacteria and viruses
A

IgA

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14
Q
  • located in plasma
  • reacts w/ naturally occurring antigens on RBCs following certain blood transfusions
  • activates complement
A

IgM

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15
Q
  • located on the surface of most B cell lymphocytes
  • plays a role in the B cell activation
A

IgD

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16
Q
  • located in exocrine gland secretions
  • promotes inflammation and allergic reactions
A

IgE

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17
Q
  • hereditary predispostion of a local reaction to IgE antibodies produced in response to common environmental agents
  • symptoms include urticaria (hives), allergic rhinitis (hay fever), atopic dermatitis, food allergies, some forms of asthma
A

atropic disorders

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18
Q

lack the genetic component and organ specificity of the atropic disorders

A

nonatropic disorders

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19
Q

derives from the deletion or inactivation of autoreactive T cells or B cells taht escaped elimination of the central lymphoid oragns

A

peripheral tolerance

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20
Q

the elimination of self-reactive T cells and B cells in the central lymphoid organs (i.e. thymus and bone marrow)

A

central tolerance

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21
Q
  • resembles cellular immune response against antigens
  • important to match MHC antigens
  • immunosuppressive drugs used to prevent this
A

tissue rejection reaction

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22
Q

basic patterns of transplant rejection

A
  • hyperacute reaction
  • acute rejection
  • chronic host vs graft rejection
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23
Q
  • occurs over a prolonged period
  • manifests w/ dense intimal fibrosis of blood vessels fo the transplanted organ
  • the actual mechanism is unclear but may include relase of cytokines that stimulate fibrosis
A

chronic host vs graft rejection

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24
Q
  • occurs within the first few months after transplantation w/ signs of organ failure, may occur months or years after immunosuppression has been terminated
  • T lymphocytes respond to antigens in the graft tissue
A

acute rejection reaction

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25
Q
  • occurs almost immediately after transplantation
  • produced by existing recipient antibodies to graft antigens initiating a type III, Arthus type hypersensitivity reaction
A

hyperacute rejection reaction

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26
Q

an organ or tissue transplant between two genetically identical people (i.e. twins)

A

isograft

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27
Q

a tissue or organ that is transplanted from one part to another part of the same body

A

autograft

28
Q

a tissue graft from a donor of the same species as the recipient but NOT genetically identical

A

allograft

29
Q

a tissue graft or organ transplant from a donor of a different species from the recipient

A

xenograft

30
Q

where are endogenous antigens present

A

on the membranes of body cells

31
Q

where are exogenous antigens absorbed

A

membrane surface

32
Q
  • antibody-dependent cytotoxic reaction
  • takes 1-3 hrs to develop
  • transfusion reaction
  • hemolytic disease of the newborn
  • mediated by IgM or IgG antibodies directed agaisnt target antigens on the surface of cells or other tissue components
A

type II hypersensitivity reaction

33
Q

binding or antibodies to antigens inactivates antigens by neutralization enhances

A

phagocytosis

34
Q

binding of antibodies to antigens inactivates antigens by agglutination of microbes enhances

A

phagocytosis

35
Q

binding of antibodies to antigens inactivates antigens by precipitation of dissolved antigens enhances

A

phagocytosis

36
Q

binding of antibodies to antigens inactivates antigens by activation of complement leads to

A

cell lysis

37
Q
  • immediate-reactio allergy; hives, hay fever, asthma, atopic dermatitis, eczema, gastric disturbances, anaphylactic shock
  • primary or initial phase response, as well as secondary or late-phase response
A

type I hypersensitivity reaction

38
Q
  • vasodilation
  • vascular leakage
  • smooth muscle contraction
A

primary or initial phase hypersensitivity response

39
Q
  • more intense filtration of tissues w/ eosinophils and other acute and chronic inflammatory cells
  • tissue destruction in the form of epithelial cell damage
  • mucosal edema, mucus secretion, leukocyte infiltration, epithelial damage, bronchospasm
A

secondary or late-phase hypersensitivity response

40
Q

the ability of the immune system to distinguish between self and non-self antigens

A

immunologic self-tolerance

41
Q
  • inherited abnormalities of immune function that render a person susceptible to diseases normally presented by an intact immune system
  • can be classified as B-cell mediated, T-cell mediated, or combined immunodeficiencies which affect all aspects of the humoral and cell-mediated immune response
A

primary immunodeficiency disorders

42
Q

affect antibody production and inhibit the ability of the immune system to defend against the ability of the immune to defend against bacterial infections and toxins that circulate in body fluids (IgM and IgG) or enter the body through the mucosal surface of the GI or respiratory tract (IgA)

A

B-cell mediated immunodeficiency disorders

43
Q
  • result from defective expression of the TCR complex, defective cytokine production, and defects in T-cell activation
  • impact the ability fo the immune system to protect against fungal, protozoan, viral, and intracellular bacterial infections (CD8+ cytotoxic T cells)
A

T-cell immunodeficiency disorders

44
Q

true or false:

combined T and B cell immunodeficiency disorders affect all aspects of the immune system and its function

A

true

45
Q

dependent upon IgE mediated activation of mast cells and basophils and the subsequent release of chemical mediators of the inflammatory response

A

type I hypersensitivity reaction

46
Q
A
47
Q

antibody mediated hypersensitivity reactions or cytotoxic hypersensitivity reactions, are mediated by IgE or IgM antibodies directed against target antigens on specific host cell surfaces or tissues and result in complement-mediate phagocytosis and cellular injury

A

type II hypersensitivity reactions

48
Q

caused by the formation of antigen-antibody immune complexes in the bloodstream, which are subsequently depositied in vascular epithelium or extravascular tissues and which activate the compliment system and induce a massive inflammatory response

A

type III hypersensitivity reactions

49
Q

involves tissue damage in which cell-mediated immune responses with sensitized T lymphocytes cause cell and tissue injury

A

type IV hypersensitivity reaction

50
Q
  • inability to distinguish self from nonself
  • glomerulonephritis, Graves disease, T1D, hemolytic anemia, myasthenia gravis, rheumatic fever, rheumatic arthritis, SLE, Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, ankylosing spondylitis
A

autoimmunity

51
Q

red blood cells with type A surface antigens and plasma w/ anti-B antibodies

A

type A blood

52
Q

red blood cells w/ type B surface antigens and plasma w/ anti-A antibodies

A

type B antibodies

53
Q

red blood cells w/ both type A and type B surface antigens, and neither anti-A nor anti-B plasma antibodies

A

type AB blood

54
Q

red blood cells w/ neither type A nor type B surface antigens, but both anti-A and anti-B plasma antibodies

A

type O blood

55
Q
  • delayed-reaction allergy, takes about 48hrs to occur
  • results from repeated exposure to allergen
  • eruptions and inflammation of the skin
  • contact dermatitis
  • cell-mediated immune response
  • can lead to cell death and tissue injury in response to chemical antigens or self-antigens
  • basic types: direct cell-mediated cytotoxicity and delayed-type hypersensitivity
A

type IV hypersensitivity reaction

56
Q
  • immune complex reaction
  • caused by the formation of antigen-antibody immune complexes in the bloodstream, whicha re subsequently deposited in vascular epithelium or extravascular tissues, and which activate the complement system and induce a major inflammatory response
A

type III hypersensitivity reactions

57
Q

antibodies attack healthy kidney cells that resemble streptococcal antigens

A

glomerulonephritis

58
Q

antibodies attack thyroid gland, which increases thyroid hormone production and release

A

graves’ disease

59
Q

antibodies attack acetylcholine receptors, making acetylcholine less effective in stimulating its receptors, making it harder for muscle movement to occur

A

myasthenia gravis

60
Q

antibodies attacking Beta cells in the islet of Langerhans

attacks cells that produce insulin

A

diabetes (type I)

61
Q

antibodies attack erythrocytes

A

hemolytic anemia

62
Q

A chronic inflammatory disorder usually affecting small joints in the hands and feet.

A

rheumatoid arthritis

63
Q

a serious, inflammatory disease that can affect the heart, joints, skin, and brain. It’s an autoimmune disease that occurs when the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissues in response to a streptococcal infection, such as strep throat, scarlet fever, or impetigo

A

rheumatic fever

64
Q

a chronic autoimmune disease that causes the body’s immune system to attack healthy tissue. This can lead to inflammation and damage to organs and systems throughout the body

A

SLE (Lupus)

65
Q

a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that causes inflammation in the digestive tract

A

crohn’s disease

66
Q

a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that causes ulcers and inflammation in the colon and rectum

A

ulcerative colitis

67
Q

chronic inflammatory disease that causes inflammation in the spine and joints, most commonly where the spine meets the pelvis

A

ankylosing spondylitis

Pathophysiology (7 decks)

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