Chapter 6

Question 1

motivation

Answer 1

factors that sustain and initiate behaviour

Question 2

instinct

Answer 2

complex, automatic, unlearn behaviour

Question 3

Drive theory

Answer 3

body maintains a condition of homeostasis

Question 3

incentive theory

Answer 3

people motivated by external stimuli

Question 4

arousal theory

Answer 4

people behave in ways that keep them at there preferred level of stimulation

Question 5

set point

Answer 5

point of homeostasis which the system tries to return to

Question 6

Ectothermic animals

Answer 6

external stimuli to regulate body temp

Question 7

Exothermic animals

Answer 7

maintain body temp ourselves

Question 8

preoptic area

Answer 8

brain area in mammal hypothalamus that contains separate warmth and cold sensitive cells

Question 9

hypovolemic thirst

Answer 9

thirst when blood volume drops (due to loss of extracellular water)

Question 10

Osmotic thirst

Answer 10

thirst occuring when fluid content decreases inside the body’s cells (usually happens with hypovolemic thirst)

Question 11

Subfornical organ (SFO)

Answer 11

brain structure adjacent to third ventricle that sense and regulates internal water balance with OVLT

Question 12

organum vasculosum lamina terminalis (OVLT)

Answer 12

brain structure adjacent to third ventricle that sense and regulates internal water balance with SFO

Question 13

Circumventricular

Answer 13

outiside blood-brain barrier with direct access to blood circulation (SFO and OVLT)

Question 14

Osmoreceptors

Answer 14

fires more as volume decrease due to fluid loss (Some SFO and OVLT)

Question 15

Median preoptic nucleus (MnPO)

Answer 15

brain structure adjacent to third ventricle that integrates info form SFO and OVLT (like the middle man)

Question 16

Angiotensin ll

Answer 16

hormone that informs brain of drop in blood volume (stimulates receptors in SFO and OVLT)

Question 17

satiety

Answer 17

the satisfaction of appetite

Question 18

learned taste aversion

Answer 18

avoidance of food associated with a bad memory

Question 19

learned taste preference

Answer 19

preference for flavor of food, (good memories)

Question 20

Area postrema

Answer 20

region in brain outside blood-brain barrier that induces vomiting if activated by toxins

Question 21

five tastes

Answer 21

sour, sweet, bitter, salty, unami

Question 22

sensory-specific satiety

Answer 22

the more you eat it, the less appealing it becomes

Question 23

Duodenum

Answer 23

initial 25 cm of the small intestine (most digestion occurs here)

Question 24

glucose

Answer 24

simple sugar (end products of all carbs)

Question 25

amino acids

Answer 25

end product of all proteins

Question 26

fatty acids

Answer 26

end product of fat (digested in intestine)

Question 27

Glycerol

Answer 27

end product of fat (digested in the liver)

Question 28

Absorptive phase

Answer 28

hours after a meal when the body lives off the nutrients arriving from the digestive system

Question 29

insulin

Answer 29

enables body cells to take up glucose for energy and to store nutrients

Question 30

diabetes type 1

Answer 30

pancreas is unable to produce enough insulin

Question 31

diabetes type 2

Answer 31

body's tissues are relatively unresponsive to insulin

Question 32

Fasting Phase

Answer 32

period where blood glucose drops and the body falls back on it's energy stores

Question 33

glycogen

Answer 33

converted form of glucose, stored in reservoirs around body

Question 34

glucagon

Answer 34

hormone that gets glycogen turned back into glucose

Question 35

Arcuate nucleus (ARC)

Answer 35

master hypothalami centre for food intake control (how we eat, when we eat) (neurons that increase eating behaviour)

Question 36

PON C neurons

Answer 36

decrease eating behaviour (in ARC)

Question 37

Lateral hypothalamus

Answer 37

brain region that initiates eating and controls feeding behaviour and metabolic responses

Question 37

NPY/AgRP neurons

Answer 37

neurons that increase eating behaviour and hunger (in ARC)

Question 38

Orexin

Answer 38

increases eating and increases wakefulness in response to food deprivation

Question 39

Paraventriculare nucleus (PVN)

Answer 39

brain region that regulates eating and metabolic processes

Question 40

cholecystokinin (CCK)

Answer 40

best known satiety signal

Question 40

Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)

Answer 40

brain region that produces satiety and increases metabolism

Question 41

Ghrelin

Answer 41

when stoamche shrinks ghrelin activates

Question 42

Leptin

Answer 42

hormone secreted by fat cells that inhibits eating (activates pon c neurons and tells ghrelin no)

Question 42

Peptide YY3-36

Answer 42

hormone released in intestine in response to food, suppresses appetite