Chapter 4

Question 1

Golgi Stain

Answer 1

Randomly stains about 5% of neurons in a slide (great for telling neuron shape)

Question 2

Myelin Stain

Answer 2

absorbed by the fatty myelin surrounding the axon (shows axons, and visual pathways)

Question 3

Nissl Stain

Answer 3

identifies cell bodies of neurons (where they are, how many)

Question 4

Retrograde stain

Answer 4

taken up by neuron terminal and transported up the axons to the cell bodies (inject into live animals then kill them, you can see what parts of the brain send info to other parts)

Question 5

Autoradiography

Answer 5

stains and reveals which neurons are active (get radioactive glucose, does task, murdered, active cells needed glucose and will light up after)

Question 6

Immunocytochemistry

Answer 6

uses antibodies attached to a dye to identify cell components (get animal to do task, murdered, then flood brain with antibodies, they attach to the protein we want, observe colour and count how many individual cells)

Question 7

In situ hybridization

Answer 7

construction of DNA strands that complement mRNA strand (same thing immunocyctochemistry but mRNA not proteins)

Question 8

light microscopy

Answer 8

magnifies 1500x

Question 9

electron microscopy

Answer 9

magnifies 250,000x

Question 10

scanning electron microscopy

Answer 10

bean of electrons induces specimen to emit electrons

Question 10

transmission electron microscopy

Answer 10

beams of electrons through tissue

Question 11

Electoencephaloram (EEG)

Answer 11

electronic amplifier detects electrical activity of all neurons between to electrodes

Question 12

Temporal Resolution

Answer 12

how quickly can it detect change in activity

Question 13

Spatial Resolution

Answer 13

how confidently can we say that an activity is coming from a specific part of the brain

Question 14

event-related potenital

Answer 14

averaging many recorded responses to stimuli

Question 15

stereotaxic instrument

Answer 15

device allowing for precise positioning of a probe in the brain (brain atlas)

Question 16

Optogenetic techniques

Answer 16

light-sensitive channels can be inserted in specific types of neurons (animals)

Question 17

Cannulation

Answer 17

insert tube into brain and inject drugs into target area at end of tube

Question 18

Ablation

Answer 18

surgical removal of brain tissue (animals)

Question 19

Lesioning

Answer 19

surgical damaging of neural tissue

Question 20

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Answer 20

using magnetic coil to induce voltage (non invasive)

Question 21

Computed tomography (CT)

Answer 21

series of x-rays then composed to 3D image

Question 22

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Answer 22

measured radio-frequency waves emitted by hydrogen atoms exposed to magnetic fields (structural)

Question 23

Positron emission tomography (PET)

Answer 23

observation of brain regions through radioactive substance injected into bloodstream (functional)

Question 24

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Answer 24

detects increases in blood flow and oxygen usage (functional)

Question 25

Brain imaging problems

Answer 25

low retestablity, fMRI low sensitivity

Question 26

Family study

Answer 26

characteristic shared among relatives

Question 27

Correlation

Answer 27

degree of relationship between 2 variables

Question 28

Twin study

Answer 28

comparing twins

Question 28

concordance rate

Answer 28

frequency which relatives are alike

Question 29

Genetic engineering

Answer 29

manipulating genes

Question 30

Knockout procedure

Answer 30

gene made useless

Question 31

knockdown procedure

Answer 31

gene function reduced to like 10 % (still there but function is reduced)

Question 32

Gene transfer

Answer 32

gene from 1 organism inserted onto recipient cells