Chapter 6 Flashcards
The body cavity that contains many of the major organs of digestion and excretion. It is located below the diaphrahm and above the pelvis.
Abdomen
The depression on the lateral pelvis where its three component bones join, in which the femoral head fits snugly.
Acetabulum
The nucleotide involved in energy metabolism; used to store energy.
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Endocrine glands located on top of the kidneys that release adrenaline when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system.
Adrenal Glands
Pertaining to nerves that release the neurotransmitter norepinephriine, or nor-adrenaline (eg, adrenergic nerves, adrenergic response); also pertains to the receptors acted on by norepinephrine.
Adrenergic
Metabolism that can proceed only in the presence of oxygen.
Aerobic Metabolism
Abnormal breathing pattern characterized by slow, gasping breaths, sometimes seen in patients in cardiac arrest.
Agonal Gasps
Portions of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause constriction of blood vessels.
Alpha-Adrenergic Receptors
The air sacs of the lungs in which the exchange of oxygen adn carbon dioxide takes place.
Alveoli
Metabolism that takes place in the absence of oxygen; the main by-product is lactic acid
Anaerobic Metabolism
The positioin of reference in which the patient stands facing forward, arms at the side, with the palms of the hands forward.
Anatomic Position
The study of the physical structure of the body and its components.
Anatomy
The main artery leaving the left side of the heart and carrying freshly oxygenated blood to the body.
AortaT
he portion of the skeletal system that comprises the arms, legs, pelvis, and shoulder girdle.
Appendicular Skeleton
A small, tubular structure that is attached to the lower border of the cecum in the lowerright quadrant of the abdomen.
Appendix
The smallest branches fo arteries leading to the vast network of capillaries
Arterioles
A pearly layer of specialized cartilage covering the articular surfaces (contact surfaces on the ends) of bones in synovial joints.
Articular Cartilage
One of the two upper chambers of the heart.
Atrium
The part of the nervous system that regulates functions, such as digestion and sweating, that are not controlled voluntarily.
Autonomic Nervous System
The part of the skeleton comprising the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.
Axial Skeleton
Extensions of a neuron that carry impulses away from the nerve cell body to teh dendrites (receivers) of another neuron.
Axons
A joint that allows internal and external rotation, as well as bending.
Ball-And-Socket Joint
Portions of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause an increase in the force of contraction of the heart, an increased heart rate, and bronchial dilation.
Beta-Adrenergic Receptors
The large muscle that covers the fron of the humerus.
Biceps
The ducts that convey bile between the liver and the intestine.
Bile Ducts
The pressure that the blood exerts against the walls of the arteries as it passes through them.
Blood Pressure (BP)
The major vessel in the upper extremities that supplies blood to the arm.
Brachial Artery
The controlling organ of the body and center of consciousness; functions include perception, control of reactions to the environment, emotional responses, and judgment.
Brain
The area of the brain between the spinal cord and cerebrum, surrounded by the cerebellum; controls functions that are necessary for life, such as respiration.
Brainstem
The heel bone.
Calcaneus
The tiny blood vessels between the arterioles and venules that permit transfer of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste between body tissues and the blood.
Capillary Vessels
The heart muscle.
Cardiac Muscle
A measure of the volume of blood circulated by the heart in 1 minute, calculated by multiplying the stroke volume by the heart rate.
Cardiac Output (CO)
The major artery that supplies blood to the head and brain.
Carotid Artery
Small bones that compose the wrist.
Carpals
The smooth connective tissue that forms the support structure of the skeletal system and provides cushioning between bones; also forms the nasal septum and portions of the outer ear.
Cartilage
The first part of the large intestine, into which the ileum opens.
CecumA
set of chemical reactions that supplies cells with energy. Includes both an-aerobic and aerobic metabolism.
Cellular Metabolism
The brain and spinal cord.
Central Nervous System (CNS)
One of the three major subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the little brain; coordinates the various activities of the brain, particulatly fine body movements.
Cerebellum
Fluid produced in the ventricles of the brain that flows in the subarachnoid space and bathes the meninges.
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
The largest part of the three subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the gray matter; made up of several lobes that control movement, hearing, balance, speech, visual perception, emotinos, and personality.
Cerebrum
The portion of the vertebral column consisting of the first seven vertebrae that lie in the neck.
Cervical Spine
Thin bands of fibrous tissue that attach to the valves in the heart and prevent them from inverting.
Chordae Tendineae
The substance that leaves the stomach. It is a combination of all of the eaten foods with added stomach acids.
Chyme
The complex arrangement of connected tubes, including the arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins, that moves blood, oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, and cellular waste throughout the body.
Circulatory System
The collarbone; it is lateral to the sternum and anterior to the scapula.
Clavicle
The last three or four vertebrae of the spine; the tail bone.
Coccyx
An imaginary plane where the body is divided into front and back parts.
Coronal (frontal) Plane
The hip bones (singular: coxa)
Coxae
The part of the skull that encloses the brain and is composed of eight bones.
Cranium
A firm ridge of cartilage that forms the lower part of the larynx.
Cricoid Cartilage
A thin sheet of fascia that connects the thyroid and cricoid cartilages that make up the larynx.
Cricothyroid Membrane
Any portion of the airway that does contain air and cannot participate in gas exchange, such as the trachea and bronchi.
Dead Space
The inner layer of the skin, containing hair follicles, sweat glands, nerve endings, and blood vessels.
Dermis
A muscular dome that forms the undersurface of the thorax, separating the chest from the abdominal cavity. Contractions of this (and the chest wall muscles) brings air into the lungs. Relaxation allows air to be expelled from the lungs.
Diaphragm
The relaxation, or period of relaxation, of the heart, especially of the ventricles.
Diastole
Movement of a gas from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Diffusion
The processing of food that nourishes the individual cells of the body.
Digestion
The artery on the anterior surface of the foot between the first and second metatarsals.
Dorsalis Pedis Artery
The complex message and control system that integrates many body functions, including the release of hormones.
Endocrine System
Substances designed to speed up the rate of specific biochemical reactions.
Enzymes
The outer layer of skin, which is made up of cells that are sealed together to form a watertight protective covering for the body.
Epidermis
A thin, leaf-shaped valve that allows air to pass into the trachea but prevents food and liquid from entering.
Epiglottis
A substance produced by the body (commonly called adrenaline), and a drug produced by pharmaceutical companies that increases pulse rate and blood pressure; the drug of choice for an anaphylactiv reaction.
Epinephrine
A collapsible tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach; muscle contractions propel food and liquids through it to the stomach.
Esophagus
The amount of air that can be exhaled following a normal exhalation; average volume is about 1,200mL in the average adult man.
Expiratory Reserve Volume
The straightening of a joint.
Extension
The tubes that connect each ovary with the uterus and are the primary location for fertilization of the ovum.
Fallopian Tubes
The major artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery. It supplies blood to the lower abdominal wall, external genitalia, and legs. It can be palpated in the groin area.
Femoral Artery
The proximal end of the femur, articulating with the acetabulum to form the hip joint.
Femoral Head
The thighbone; the longest and one of the strongest bones in the body.
Femur
The smaller of the two bones that form the lower leg, located on the lateral side.
Fibula
The bending of a joint.
Flexion
A large opening at the base of the skull through which the brain connects to the spinal cord.
Foramen Magnum
The bones of the cranium that form the forehead.
Frontal Bones
A sac on the undersurface of the liver that collects bile from the liver and discharges it into the duodenum through the common bile duct.
Gallbladder
The reproductive system in men and women.
Genital System
The deepest layer of the epidermis where new skin cells are formed.
Germinal Layer
A bony prominence on the proximal lateral side of the thigh, just below the hip joint.
Greater Trochanter
The small organs that produce hair.
Hair Follicles
A hollow muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body.
Heart
The number of heartbeats during a specific time (usually 1 minute).
Heart Rate (HR)
An oxygen-carrying protein found in red blood cells.
Hemoglobin
Joints that can bend and straighten but cannot rotate; they restrict motion to one plane.
Hinge Joints
Substances formed in specialized organs or glands and carried to another organ or group of cells in the same organism; they regulate many body functions, including metabolism, growth, and body temperature.
Hormones
The supporting bone of the upper arm.
Humerus
The pressure of water against the walls of its container.
Hydrostatic Pressure
An abnormally high level of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream; also called hypercarbia.
Hypercapnia
A condition in which the curculatory system fails to provide sufficient circulation to maintain normal cellular functino; also called shock
Hypoperfusion
Deficient oxygen concentration in the tissues.
Hypoxia
A “backup system” to control respiration; senses drops in the oxygen level in the blood.
Hypoxic Drive
One of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring.
Ilium
One of the two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the lower extremities and the pelvis and the abdominal organs to the heart.
Inferior Vena Cava
