Chapter 6 Flashcards
1
Q
The body cavity that contains many of the major organs of digestion and excretion. It is located below the diaphrahm and above the pelvis.
A
Abdomen
2
Q
The depression on the lateral pelvis where its three component bones join, in which the femoral head fits snugly.
A
Acetabulum
3
Q
The nucleotide involved in energy metabolism; used to store energy.
A
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
4
Q
Endocrine glands located on top of the kidneys that release adrenaline when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system.
A
Adrenal Glands
5
Q
Pertaining to nerves that release the neurotransmitter norepinephriine, or nor-adrenaline (eg, adrenergic nerves, adrenergic response); also pertains to the receptors acted on by norepinephrine.
A
Adrenergic
6
Q
Metabolism that can proceed only in the presence of oxygen.
A
Aerobic Metabolism
7
Q
Abnormal breathing pattern characterized by slow, gasping breaths, sometimes seen in patients in cardiac arrest.
A
Agonal Gasps
8
Q
Portions of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause constriction of blood vessels.
A
Alpha-Adrenergic Receptors
9
Q
The air sacs of the lungs in which the exchange of oxygen adn carbon dioxide takes place.
A
Alveoli
10
Q
Metabolism that takes place in the absence of oxygen; the main by-product is lactic acid
A
Anaerobic Metabolism
11
Q
The positioin of reference in which the patient stands facing forward, arms at the side, with the palms of the hands forward.
A
Anatomic Position
12
Q
The study of the physical structure of the body and its components.
A
Anatomy
13
Q
The main artery leaving the left side of the heart and carrying freshly oxygenated blood to the body.
A
AortaT
14
Q
he portion of the skeletal system that comprises the arms, legs, pelvis, and shoulder girdle.
A
Appendicular Skeleton
15
Q
A small, tubular structure that is attached to the lower border of the cecum in the lowerright quadrant of the abdomen.
A
Appendix
16
Q
The smallest branches fo arteries leading to the vast network of capillaries
A
Arterioles
17
Q
A pearly layer of specialized cartilage covering the articular surfaces (contact surfaces on the ends) of bones in synovial joints.
A
Articular Cartilage
18
Q
One of the two upper chambers of the heart.
A
Atrium
19
Q
The part of the nervous system that regulates functions, such as digestion and sweating, that are not controlled voluntarily.
A
Autonomic Nervous System
20
Q
The part of the skeleton comprising the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.
A
Axial Skeleton
21
Q
Extensions of a neuron that carry impulses away from the nerve cell body to teh dendrites (receivers) of another neuron.
A
Axons
22
Q
A joint that allows internal and external rotation, as well as bending.
A
Ball-And-Socket Joint
23
Q
Portions of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause an increase in the force of contraction of the heart, an increased heart rate, and bronchial dilation.
A
Beta-Adrenergic Receptors
24
Q
The large muscle that covers the fron of the humerus.
A
Biceps
25
The ducts that convey bile between the liver and the intestine.
Bile Ducts
26
The pressure that the blood exerts against the walls of the arteries as it passes through them.
Blood Pressure (BP)
27
The major vessel in the upper extremities that supplies blood to the arm.
Brachial Artery
28
The controlling organ of the body and center of consciousness; functions include perception, control of reactions to the environment, emotional responses, and judgment.
Brain
29
The area of the brain between the spinal cord and cerebrum, surrounded by the cerebellum; controls functions that are necessary for life, such as respiration.
Brainstem
30
The heel bone.
Calcaneus
31
The tiny blood vessels between the arterioles and venules that permit transfer of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste between body tissues and the blood.
Capillary Vessels
32
The heart muscle.
Cardiac Muscle
33
A measure of the volume of blood circulated by the heart in 1 minute, calculated by multiplying the stroke volume by the heart rate.
Cardiac Output (CO)
34
The major artery that supplies blood to the head and brain.
Carotid Artery
35
Small bones that compose the wrist.
Carpals
36
The smooth connective tissue that forms the support structure of the skeletal system and provides cushioning between bones; also forms the nasal septum and portions of the outer ear.
Cartilage
37
The first part of the large intestine, into which the ileum opens.
CecumA
38
set of chemical reactions that supplies cells with energy. Includes both an-aerobic and aerobic metabolism.
Cellular Metabolism
39
The brain and spinal cord.
Central Nervous System (CNS)
40
One of the three major subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the little brain; coordinates the various activities of the brain, particulatly fine body movements.
Cerebellum
41
Fluid produced in the ventricles of the brain that flows in the subarachnoid space and bathes the meninges.
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
42
The largest part of the three subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the gray matter; made up of several lobes that control movement, hearing, balance, speech, visual perception, emotinos, and personality.
Cerebrum
43
The portion of the vertebral column consisting of the first seven vertebrae that lie in the neck.
Cervical Spine
44
Thin bands of fibrous tissue that attach to the valves in the heart and prevent them from inverting.
Chordae Tendineae
45
The substance that leaves the stomach. It is a combination of all of the eaten foods with added stomach acids.
Chyme
46
The complex arrangement of connected tubes, including the arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins, that moves blood, oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, and cellular waste throughout the body.
Circulatory System
47
The collarbone; it is lateral to the sternum and anterior to the scapula.
Clavicle
48
The last three or four vertebrae of the spine; the tail bone.
Coccyx
49
An imaginary plane where the body is divided into front and back parts.
Coronal (frontal) Plane
50
The hip bones (singular: coxa)
Coxae
51
The part of the skull that encloses the brain and is composed of eight bones.
Cranium
52
A firm ridge of cartilage that forms the lower part of the larynx.
Cricoid Cartilage
53
A thin sheet of fascia that connects the thyroid and cricoid cartilages that make up the larynx.
Cricothyroid Membrane
54
Any portion of the airway that does contain air and cannot participate in gas exchange, such as the trachea and bronchi.
Dead Space
55
The inner layer of the skin, containing hair follicles, sweat glands, nerve endings, and blood vessels.
Dermis
56
A muscular dome that forms the undersurface of the thorax, separating the chest from the abdominal cavity. Contractions of this (and the chest wall muscles) brings air into the lungs. Relaxation allows air to be expelled from the lungs.
Diaphragm
57
The relaxation, or period of relaxation, of the heart, especially of the ventricles.
Diastole
58
Movement of a gas from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Diffusion
59
The processing of food that nourishes the individual cells of the body.
Digestion
60
The artery on the anterior surface of the foot between the first and second metatarsals.
Dorsalis Pedis Artery
61
The complex message and control system that integrates many body functions, including the release of hormones.
Endocrine System
62
Substances designed to speed up the rate of specific biochemical reactions.
Enzymes
63
The outer layer of skin, which is made up of cells that are sealed together to form a watertight protective covering for the body.
Epidermis
64
A thin, leaf-shaped valve that allows air to pass into the trachea but prevents food and liquid from entering.
Epiglottis
65
A substance produced by the body (commonly called adrenaline), and a drug produced by pharmaceutical companies that increases pulse rate and blood pressure; the drug of choice for an anaphylactiv reaction.
Epinephrine
66
A collapsible tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach; muscle contractions propel food and liquids through it to the stomach.
Esophagus
67
The amount of air that can be exhaled following a normal exhalation; average volume is about 1,200mL in the average adult man.
Expiratory Reserve Volume
68
The straightening of a joint.
Extension
69
The tubes that connect each ovary with the uterus and are the primary location for fertilization of the ovum.
Fallopian Tubes
70
The major artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery. It supplies blood to the lower abdominal wall, external genitalia, and legs. It can be palpated in the groin area.
Femoral Artery
71
The proximal end of the femur, articulating with the acetabulum to form the hip joint.
Femoral Head
72
The thighbone; the longest and one of the strongest bones in the body.
Femur
73
The smaller of the two bones that form the lower leg, located on the lateral side.
Fibula
74
The bending of a joint.
Flexion
75
A large opening at the base of the skull through which the brain connects to the spinal cord.
Foramen Magnum
76
The bones of the cranium that form the forehead.
Frontal Bones
77
A sac on the undersurface of the liver that collects bile from the liver and discharges it into the duodenum through the common bile duct.
Gallbladder
78
The reproductive system in men and women.
Genital System
79
The deepest layer of the epidermis where new skin cells are formed.
Germinal Layer
80
A bony prominence on the proximal lateral side of the thigh, just below the hip joint.
Greater Trochanter
81
The small organs that produce hair.
Hair Follicles
82
A hollow muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body.
Heart
83
The number of heartbeats during a specific time (usually 1 minute).
Heart Rate (HR)
84
An oxygen-carrying protein found in red blood cells.
Hemoglobin
85
Joints that can bend and straighten but cannot rotate; they restrict motion to one plane.
Hinge Joints
86
Substances formed in specialized organs or glands and carried to another organ or group of cells in the same organism; they regulate many body functions, including metabolism, growth, and body temperature.
Hormones
87
The supporting bone of the upper arm.
Humerus
88
The pressure of water against the walls of its container.
Hydrostatic Pressure
89
An abnormally high level of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream; also called hypercarbia.
Hypercapnia
90
A condition in which the curculatory system fails to provide sufficient circulation to maintain normal cellular functino; also called shock
Hypoperfusion
91
Deficient oxygen concentration in the tissues.
Hypoxia
92
A "backup system" to control respiration; senses drops in the oxygen level in the blood.
Hypoxic Drive
93
One of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring.
Ilium
94
One of the two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the lower extremities and the pelvis and the abdominal organs to the heart.
Inferior Vena Cava
95
The amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation; the amount of air that can be inhaled in addition to the normal tidal volume.
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
96
The space in between the cells.
Interstitial Space
97
Tough, elastic structures between adjoining vertebrae that act as shock absorbers.
Intervertebral Disks
98
The space within a cell or cells.
Intracellular SpaceT
99
he muscle over which a person has no conscious control. It is found in many automatic regulating systems of the body.
Involuntary Muscle
100
One of three bones that fuse to form the pelvice ring.
Ischium
101
The place where two bones come into contact; also called an articulation.
Joint
102
The fibrous sac that encloses a joint.
Joint CapsuleTwo
103
retroperitoneal organs that excrete the end products of metabolism as urine and regulate the body's salt and water content.
Kidneys
104
The use of muscles of the chest, back, and abdomen to assist in expanding the chest; occurs when air movement is impaired.
Labored Breathing
105
A metabolic by-product of the breakdown of glucose that accumulates when metabolism proceeds in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic metabolism).
Lactic Acid
106
The portion of the digestive tube that encircles the abdomen around the small bowel, consisting of the cecum, the colon, and the rectum. It helps regulate water balance and eliminate solid waste.
Large Intestine
107
The projection on the medial/superior portion of the femur.
Lesser Trochanter
108
Bands of fibrous tissue that connect bones to bones. Support and strengthen a joint.
Ligaments
109
A large, solid organ that lies in the right upper quadrant immediately below the diaphragm; it produces bile, stores glucose for immediate use by the body, and produces many substances that help regulate immune responses.
Liver
110
The lower part of the back, formed by the lowest five nonfused vertebrae; also called the dorsal spine.
Lumbar Spine
111
A thin, straw-colored fluid that carries oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to the cells and carries waste products of metabolism away from the cells and back into the capillaries so that they may be excreted.
Lymph
112
Tiny, oval-shaped structures located in various places along the lymph vessels that filter lymph.
Lymph Nodes
113
A rounded bony prominence on either side of the ankle; also called the ankle bone.
Malleolus
114
The bones of the lower jaw.
Mandible
115
The upper quarter of the sternum.
Manubrium
116
The upper jawbones that assist in the formation of the orbit, the nasal cavity, and the palate and hold the upper teeth.
Maxillae
117
Nerve tissue that is continuous inferiorly with the spinal cord; serves as a conduction pathway for ascending and descending nerve tracts; coordinates heart rate, blood vessel diameter, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing , and sneezing.
Medulla Oblongata
118
The biochemical processes that result in production of energy from nutrients within cells.
Metabolism
119
Bones of the hand, situated between the carpals and phalanges.
Metacarpals
120
Bones of the foot, situated between the tarsals and phalanges.
Metatarsals
121
The part of the brain that is responsible for helping to regulate the level of consciousness.
Midbrain
122
An imaginary vertical line drawn from the middle of the forehead through the nose and the umbilicus (navel) to the floor, dividing the body into equal left and right halves.
Midsagittal (Midline) Plane
123
The volume of air that moves in and out of the lungs per minute; calculated by multiplying the tidal volume and respiratory rate; also called minute ventilation.
Minute Volume
124
Nerves that carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body.
Motor Nerves
125
The lining of body cavities and passages that communicate directly or in-directly with the environment outside the body.
Mucous Membranes
126
The watery secretion of the mucous membranes that lubricates the body openings.
Mucus
127
The bones and voluntary muscles of the body
Musculoskeletal System
128
The heart muscle.
Myocardium
129
The part of the pharynx that lies above the level of the roof of the mouth, or palate.
Nasopharynx
130
The system that controls virtually all activities of the body, both voluntary and involuntary.
Nervous System
131
The functional units of the nervous system; also called nerve cells.
Neurons
132
A neurotransmitter and drug sometimes used in the treatment of shock; produces vasoconstriction through its alpha-stimulator properties.
Norepinephrine
133
The most posterior bone of the cranium.
Occipital Bone
134
The pressure of water to move, typically into the capillary, as the result of the presence of plasma proteins.
Oncotic Pressure
135
The eye socket, made up of the maxilla and zygoma.
Orbit
136
A tubular structure that extends vertically from the back of the mouth to the esophagus and trachea.
Oropharynx
137
The primary female reproductive organs that produce an ovum, or egg, that, if fertilized, will develop into a fetus.
Ovaries
138
A flat, solid organ that lies below the liver and the stomach; it is a major source of digestive enzymes and produces the hormone insulin.
Pancreas
139
A subdivision of the autonomic nervous system, involved in control of involuntary functions, mediatedlargely by the vagus nerve through the chemical acetylcholine.
Parasympathetic Nervous System
140
The bones that lie between the temporal and occipital regions of the cranium.
Parietal Bones
141
The knee cap; a specialized bone that lies within the tendon of the quadriceps muscle.
Patella
142
The study of how normal physiologic processes are affected by disease.
Pathophysiology
143
The supporting structure for the arms, which attaches the arms to the axial skeleton. It comprises the clavicles and scapulae; also called the shoulder girdle.
Pectoral Girdle
144
The supporting structure for the legs, which serves to connect the legs to the axial skeleton.
Pelvic Girdle
145
The circulation of oxygenated blood within an organ or tissue in adequate amounts to meet the current needs of the cells.
Perfusion
146
The part of the nervous system that consists of 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves; these may be sensory nerves, motor nerves, or connecting nerves.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
147
The wavelike contraction of smooth muscle by which the ureters or other tubular organs propel their contents.
Peristalsis
148
The bones of the fingers and toes.
Phalanges
149
The study of the normal functions of living organisms and their parts.
Physiology
150
A sticky, yellow fluid that carries the blood cells and nutrients and transports cellular waste material to the organs of excretion.
Plasma
151
Tiny, disc-shaped elements that are much smaller than the cells; they are essential in the initial formation of a blood clot, the mechanism that stops bleeding.
Platelets
152
The serous membranes covering the lungs and lining the thorax, completely enclosing a potential space known as the pleural space.
Pleura
153
The potential space between the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura; described as "potential" because under normal conditions, the space does not exist.
Pleural Space
154
An organ that lies below the midbrain and aboce the medulla and contains numerous important nerve fibers, including those for sleep, respiration, and the medullary respiratory center.
Pons
155
The artery just behind the medial malleolus; supplies blood to the foot.
Posterior Tibial Artery
156
A small gland that surrounds the male urethra where it emerges from the urinary bladder; it secretes a fluid that is part of the ejaculatory fluid.
Prostate Gland
157
A hard, bony, and cartilaginous prominence found at the midline in the lowermost portion of the abdomen where the two halves of the pelvic ring are joined by carilage at a joint with minimal motion.
Pubic Symphysis
158
One of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring.
Pubis
159
The major artery leading from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs; carries oxygen-poor blood.
Pulmonary Artery
160
The flow of blood from the right ventricle through the pulmonary arteries and all of their branches and capillaries in the lungs and back to the left atrium through the venules and pulmonary veins; also called the lesser circulation.
Pulmonary Circulation
161
The four veins that return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.
Pulmonary Veins
162
The wave of pressure created as the heart contracts and forces blood out the left ventricle and into the major arteries.
Pulse
163
The major artery in the forearm; it is palpable at the wrist on the thumb side.
Radial Artery
164
The bone on the thumb side of the forearm.
Radius
165
The lowermost end of the colon.
Rectum
166
Cells that carry oxygen to the body's tissues; also called erythrocytes.
Red Blood Cells
167
A cone-shaped area that collects urine from the kidneys and funnels it through the ureter into the bladder.
Renal Pelvis
168
The air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration.
Residual Volume
169
The inhaling and exhaling of air; the physiologic process that exchanges carbon dioxide from fresh air.
Respiration
170
The inability of the body to move gas effectively.
Respiratory Compromise
171
All the structures of the body that contribute to the process of breathing, consisting of the upper and lower airways and their component parts.
Respiratory System
172
Located in the upper brainstem; responsible for maintenance of consciousness, specifically one's level of arousal.
Reticular Activating System (RAS)
173
Behind the abdominal cavity.
Retroperitoneal
174
The connection point between the pelvis and the vertebral column.
Sacroiliac Joint
175
One of three bones (sacrum and two pelvic bones) that make up the pelvic ring; consists of five fused sacral vertebrae.
Sacrum
176
An imaginary line where the body is divided into left and right parts.
Sagittal (Lateral) Plane
177
The glands that produce saliva to keep the mouth and pharynx moist.
Salivary Glands
178
The thick skin covering the cranium, which usually bears hair.
Scalp
179
The shoulder blade.
Scapula
180
Glands that produce an oily substance called sebum, which discharges along the shafts of the hairs.
Sebaceous Glands
181
Fluid ejaculated from the penis and containing sperm.
Semen
182
Storage sacs for sperm and seminal fluid, which empty into the urethra at the prostate.
Seminal Vesicles
183
The nerves that carry sensations such as touch, taste, smell, heat, cold, and pain from the body to the central nervous system.
Sensory Nerves
184
A condition in which the circulatory system fails to provide sufficient circulation to maintain normal cellular functions; also called hypoperfusion.
Shock
185
Muscle that is attached to bones and usually crosses at least one joint; striated, or voluntary, muscle.
Skeletal Muscle
186
The framework of the body, composed of bones and other connective tissues, that supports and protects internal organs and other body tissues.
Skeletal System
187
The portion of the digestive tube between the stomach and the cecum, consisting of the deodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
Small Intestine
188
Involuntary muscle; it constitutes the bulk of the gastrointestinal tract and is present in nearly every organ to regulate automatic activity.
Smooth Muscle
189
The part of the nervous system that regulates activities over which there is voluntary control.
Somatic Nervous System
190
Muscles arranged in circles that are able to decrease the diameter of tubes. Examples are found within the rectum, bladder, and blood vessels.
Sphincters
191
A device used to measure blood pressure.
Sphygmomanometer
192
An extension of the brain, composed of virtually all the nerves carrying messages between the brain and the rest of the body. It lies inside of and is protected by the spinal canal.
Spinal Cord
193
The breast bone.
Sternum
194
The outermost or dead layer of the skin.
Stratum Corneum
195
The volume of blood pumped forward with each ventricular contraction.
Stroke Volume (SV)
196
Tissue, largely fat, that lies directly under the dermis and serves as an insulator of the body.
Subcutaneous Tissue
197
One of the two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the upper extremities, head, neck, and chest into the heart.
Superior Vena Cava
198
The glands that secrete sweat, located in the dermal layer of the skin.
Sweat Glands
199
The adrenergic part of the autonomic peripheral nervous system responsible for the fight-or-flight response.
Sympathetic Nervous System
200
Joints that have grown together to form a very stable connection.
Symphyses
201
The small amount of liquid within a joint used as lubrication.
Synovial Fluid
202
The lining of a joint that secretes synovial fluid into the joint space.
Synovial Membrane
203
The portion of the circulatory system outside of the heart and lungs.
Systemic Circulation
204
The resistance that blood must overcome to be able to move within the blood vessels; related to the amount of dilation or constriction in the blood vessel.
Systemic vascular resistance (SVR)
205
The contraction, or period of contraction, of the heart, especially that of the ventricles.
Systole
206
The group of bones situated between the lower leg bones (ie, tibia and fibula) and the metatarsal bones of the foot.
Tarsals
207
The lateral bones on each side of the cranium; the temples.
Temporal Bones
208
The fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone.
Tendons
209
A male genital gland that contains specialized cells that produce hormones and sperm.
Testicle
210
The chest or rib cage.
Thoracic Cage
211
The 12 vertebrae that lie between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae. One pair of ribs is attached to each of these vertebrae.
Thoracic Spine
212
The chest cavity that contains the heart, lungs, esophagus, and great vessels.
Thorax
213
A firm prominence of cartilage that forms the upper part of the larynx;; the Adam's apple.
Thyroid Cartilage
214
The shinbone; the larger of the two boones of the lower leg.
Tibia
215
The amount of air moved in and out of the lungs in one relaxed breath; about 500 mL for an adult.
Tidal Volume
216
The superficial landmarks of the body that serve as guides to the structures that lie beneath them.
Topographic Anatomy
217
The windpipe; the main truck for air passing to and from the lungs.
Trachea
218
An imaginary line where the body is divided into top and bottom parts.
Transverse (Axial) Plane
219
The muscle in the back of the upper arm.
Triceps
220
The middle and thickest layer of tissue of a blood vessel wall, composed of elastic tissue and smooth muscle cells that allow the vessel to expand or contract in response to chages in blood pressure and tissue demand.
Tunica Media
221
The inner bone of the forearm, on the side opposite the thumb.
Ulna
222
The navel; also called the belly button.
Umbilicus
223
A small, hollow tube that carries ruine from the kidneys to the bladder.
Ureter
224
The canal that conveys urine from the bladder to outside the body.
Urethra
225
A sac behind the public symphysis made of smooth muscle that collects and stores urine.
Urinary Bladder
226
The organs that control the discharge of certain waste materials filtered from the blood and excreted as urine.
Urinary System
227
The outermost cavity of a woman's reproductive tract; the lower part of the birth canal.
Vagina
228
The movement of air betwqeen the lungs and the environment.
Ventilation
229
One of two lower chambers of the heart.
Ventricle
230
The bones of the vertebral column.
Vertebrae
231
The structure formed by the 33 vertebrae, separated by intervertebral disks. It houses and protects the spinal cord; also called the spinal column.
Vertebral Column
232
Muscle that is under direct voluntary control of the brain and can be contracted or relaxed at will; skeletal, or striated, muscle.
Voluntary Muscle
233
A measurement that examines how much gas is being moved effectively and how much blood is flowing around the alveoli where gas exchange (perfusion) occurs.
V/Q Ratio
234
Blood cells that have a role in the body's immune defense mechanisms against infection; also called leukocytes.
White Blood Cells
235
The narrow, cartilaginous lower tip of the sternum.
Xiphoid Process
236
The quadrangular bones of the cheek, articulating with the frontal bone, the maxillae, the zygomatic processes of the temporal bone, and the great wings of the sphenoid bone.
Zygomas
