Chapter 6 Flashcards
Emotions
Brief specific psychological and physical response that helps people meet goals, including social goals
Why do we have emotions?
- They can help us interpret information
- They makes social interactions smoother by motivating appropriate behavior for the situation
What does the Fore study of emotions demonstrate?
It showed that emotional expressions are universal across cultures
The researchers travelled to isolated tribes in Padua New Guinea, collected facial expressions, and let people guess about their emotions
Overall, the accuracy of the guesses are pretty high, and expressions of children are easier to guess than adult expressions
Focal emotions
Emotion that is especially common/important within a particular culture; the emotion that a culture emphasizes, considers important, and/or acceptable to express
Affect valuation theory
Emotions that promote cultural ideals are valued and play bigger roles in individual’s lives
*Cultural differences can translate into behaviors
Display rules
Cultural rule that governs how, when, and to whom people express emotion
Responses to display rules
- Intensify: Exaggerate
- De-intensify: Mitigate
- Mask: Hide expression through opposite, forced expression
- Neutralize: Hide expression entirely
Emotional intelligence (EQ)
The ability to understand, use, and manage emotions
What roles does oxytocin play in managing our emotions?
- Fosters commitment in non-humans
- Encourages generosity and cooperation in humans
- Encourages empathy
- Encourage biases against out groups
What does the Blind Touch Study demonstrate?
That we can sense the emotion of another person through only the sense of touch — correct interpretation was over 50%
What does the NBA study and the Teacher experiment for touch have in common?
That groups that experience more touching among members perform better in their given situations (do better at games; more active in class)
How does emotion signal our status in social hierarchy?
- Nonverbal pride cues
- Exhibit dominance and confidence through risky emotions such as anger — Low powered people are less likely to show anger because there are more consequences
What is Awe, what causes it, and how do we respond to it?
- The feeling of wonder
- Typically caused by feeling something is greater than oneself
- Increase people’s sense of belonging with others
Positive influences of emotions in life
- Quick and adaptive responses
- Interpreting selective information
- Guiding actions in socially acceptable ways
Negative influences of emotions in life
- Makes us less logical
- Extreme behaviors
- Biases decisions
What was the Music study about and what does it demonstrate?
In the study, the participants listened to either happy or sad music, and were asked to unscramble words. The resulting words were more positive for happy music, and more negative for sad music, which demonstrates that we perceive events in ways consistent with our emotions.
What does the 9/11 study demonstrate?
That when people are fearful, the participants judged future attacks (negative events) to be more likely and felt more personally under threat.
Broaden and build hypothesis
Positive emotions broaden thoughts and actions, helping people to build social relationships
We are more ____ and ____ to new experiences when we’re ____ and we have more ____ attention with ____ emotions.
Flexible; Open; Happy; Narrow; Negative
Misattribution of arousal
People mistake what made them aroused and attribute it to attraction
What was the Bridge study about and what does it demonstrate?
In the bridge study, men crossing safe or dangerous bridges were given a survey and the experimenter’s number.
Men called more if they met on the dangerous bridge, which indicates that even though the emotional arousal was caused by danger, they have misattributed the arousal to the attraction for the woman.
Social intuitionism model of moral judgement
The idea that people first have fast, emotional reactions to events which influence their moral judgement
*Can be problematic if we only base things on morality, and can change through time and create illogical arguments
What is the difference between the trolley dilemma and the footbridge dilemma?
Although the two dilemma both involve the possibility of one or more people loosing their lives by your action, the footbridge dilemma feels much more personal than the trolley one because by the action of pushing the person, we feel like we’re responsible for the man’s death, even though the outcome of the two dilemmas are the same.
The trolley activated brain regions that control ____ ____ and ____ ____, while the footbridge dilemma activated ____ ____, which directed us to use emotions over logic.
Working memory; deliberative reasoning; emotional processing
Moral foundations theory
Five evolved, universal moral domains in which specific emotions guide moral judgement
Happiness
A complicated emotion measured through life satisfaction and emotional well-being
Affective forecasting
Predicting how events will affect our emotions and for how long
What does the Breakup study demonstrate?
It illustrates how bad we are at forecasting our happiness.
- Participants who have not breakup how happy they are now and how happy they would be after a breakup
- Asked ppl who’d recently broken up how happy they were
- The two groups of participants are similarly happy, but the “luckies” group thought they’d be much unhappier after breakup than leftovers felt.
Immune neglect
Underestimating our resilience in response to difficult life events
- People who’ve been in accidents tend to adjust much faster than people expect them to
Hedonic treadmill
Tendency to adjust to new levels of happiness
- Find new reasons/ways to be happy
- We tend to overestimate the happiness level we can get in the long run
Focalism
We focus on immediate and central events without considering the other aspects of our lives that influence happiness
Duration neglect
Neglecting length of an emotional experience in judging and recollecting the overall experience
How do we judge pleasure?
By peak moment (the most intense pleasure during the event) and the end moment (how we feel at the end of the event)
What are the 5 universal moral domains in the moral foundations theory?
- Care/Harm
- Fairness/Cheating
- Loyalty/Betrayal
- Authority/Subversion
- Purity/Degradation
Where can happiness be found?
- Money (to an extent) — hard to be happy if you’re constantly worried about survival
- Social relationships and support system
- Gratitude
- Giving
- Experiences rather than possessions
- Awe — Reduces stress and the feelings of oppression
