Chapter 6

Question 1

Emotions

Answer 1

Brief specific psychological and physical response that helps people meet goals, including social goals

Question 2

Why do we have emotions?

Answer 2

• They can help us interpret information
• They makes social interactions smoother by motivating appropriate behavior for the situation

Question 3

What does the Fore study of emotions demonstrate?

Answer 3

It showed that emotional expressions are universal across cultures
The researchers travelled to isolated tribes in Padua New Guinea, collected facial expressions, and let people guess about their emotions
Overall, the accuracy of the guesses are pretty high, and expressions of children are easier to guess than adult expressions

Question 4

Focal emotions

Answer 4

Emotion that is especially common/important within a particular culture; the emotion that a culture emphasizes, considers important, and/or acceptable to express

Question 5

Affect valuation theory

Answer 5

Emotions that promote cultural ideals are valued and play bigger roles in individual’s lives
*Cultural differences can translate into behaviors

Question 6

Display rules

Answer 6

Cultural rule that governs how, when, and to whom people express emotion

Question 7

Responses to display rules

Answer 7

• Intensify: Exaggerate
• De-intensify: Mitigate
• Mask: Hide expression through opposite, forced expression
• Neutralize: Hide expression entirely

Question 8

Emotional intelligence (EQ)

Answer 8

The ability to understand, use, and manage emotions

Question 9

What roles does oxytocin play in managing our emotions?

Answer 9

• Fosters commitment in non-humans
• Encourages generosity and cooperation in humans
• Encourages empathy
• Encourage biases against out groups

Question 10

What does the Blind Touch Study demonstrate?

Answer 10

That we can sense the emotion of another person through only the sense of touch — correct interpretation was over 50%

Question 11

What does the NBA study and the Teacher experiment for touch have in common?

Answer 11

That groups that experience more touching among members perform better in their given situations (do better at games; more active in class)

Question 12

How does emotion signal our status in social hierarchy?

Answer 12

• Nonverbal pride cues
• Exhibit dominance and confidence through risky emotions such as anger — Low powered people are less likely to show anger because there are more consequences

Question 13

What is Awe, what causes it, and how do we respond to it?

Answer 13

• The feeling of wonder
• Typically caused by feeling something is greater than oneself
• Increase people’s sense of belonging with others

Question 14

Positive influences of emotions in life

Answer 14

• Quick and adaptive responses
• Interpreting selective information
• Guiding actions in socially acceptable ways

Question 15

Negative influences of emotions in life

Answer 15

• Makes us less logical
• Extreme behaviors
• Biases decisions

Question 16

What was the Music study about and what does it demonstrate?

Answer 16

In the study, the participants listened to either happy or sad music, and were asked to unscramble words. The resulting words were more positive for happy music, and more negative for sad music, which demonstrates that we perceive events in ways consistent with our emotions.

Question 17

What does the 9/11 study demonstrate?

Answer 17

That when people are fearful, the participants judged future attacks (negative events) to be more likely and felt more personally under threat.

Question 18

Broaden and build hypothesis

Answer 18

Positive emotions broaden thoughts and actions, helping people to build social relationships

Question 19

We are more ____ and ____ to new experiences when we’re ____ and we have more ____ attention with ____ emotions.

Answer 19

Flexible; Open; Happy; Narrow; Negative

Question 20

Misattribution of arousal

Answer 20

People mistake what made them aroused and attribute it to attraction

Question 21

What was the Bridge study about and what does it demonstrate?

Answer 21

In the bridge study, men crossing safe or dangerous bridges were given a survey and the experimenter’s number.
Men called more if they met on the dangerous bridge, which indicates that even though the emotional arousal was caused by danger, they have misattributed the arousal to the attraction for the woman.

Question 22

Social intuitionism model of moral judgement

Answer 22

The idea that people first have fast, emotional reactions to events which influence their moral judgement
*Can be problematic if we only base things on morality, and can change through time and create illogical arguments

Question 23

What is the difference between the trolley dilemma and the footbridge dilemma?

Answer 23

Although the two dilemma both involve the possibility of one or more people loosing their lives by your action, the footbridge dilemma feels much more personal than the trolley one because by the action of pushing the person, we feel like we’re responsible for the man’s death, even though the outcome of the two dilemmas are the same.

Question 24

The trolley activated brain regions that control ____ ____ and ____ ____, while the footbridge dilemma activated ____ ____, which directed us to use emotions over logic.

Answer 24

Working memory; deliberative reasoning; emotional processing

Question 25

Moral foundations theory

Answer 25

Five evolved, universal moral domains in which specific emotions guide moral judgement

Question 26

Happiness

Answer 26

A complicated emotion measured through life satisfaction and emotional well-being

Question 27

Affective forecasting

Answer 27

Predicting how events will affect our emotions and for how long

Question 28

What does the Breakup study demonstrate?

Answer 28

It illustrates how bad we are at forecasting our happiness.
- Participants who have not breakup how happy they are now and how happy they would be after a breakup
- Asked ppl who’d recently broken up how happy they were
- The two groups of participants are similarly happy, but the “luckies” group thought they’d be much unhappier after breakup than leftovers felt.

Question 29

Immune neglect

Answer 29

Underestimating our resilience in response to difficult life events
- People who’ve been in accidents tend to adjust much faster than people expect them to

Question 30

Hedonic treadmill

Answer 30

Tendency to adjust to new levels of happiness
- Find new reasons/ways to be happy
- We tend to overestimate the happiness level we can get in the long run

Question 31

Focalism

Answer 31

We focus on immediate and central events without considering the other aspects of our lives that influence happiness

Question 32

Duration neglect

Answer 32

Neglecting length of an emotional experience in judging and recollecting the overall experience

Question 33

How do we judge pleasure?

Answer 33

By peak moment (the most intense pleasure during the event) and the end moment (how we feel at the end of the event)

Question 34

What are the 5 universal moral domains in the moral foundations theory?

Answer 34

• Care/Harm
• Fairness/Cheating
• Loyalty/Betrayal
• Authority/Subversion
• Purity/Degradation

Question 35

Where can happiness be found?

Answer 35

• Money (to an extent) — hard to be happy if you’re constantly worried about survival
• Social relationships and support system
• Gratitude
• Giving
• Experiences rather than possessions
• Awe — Reduces stress and the feelings of oppression