Chapter 13 Flashcards
Aggression
Any action with the INTENT to harm
Hostile Aggression
Motivated by anger, hostility, or genuinely wanting to hurt the other person (either physically or psychologically)
Instrumental Aggression
Behavior intended to harm another in the service of motives other than pur hostility (e.g. seeking attention, acquiring wealth, political advantages)
How does violent media affect people’s behavior?
People generally got more aggressive and increased the endorsement of aggression against women in the short term.
*The effects are stronger when we identify with the violent actor and when we feel the violence was justified
How’s the external validity of media violence?
- Does not correlate with violen crime rates
- Aggression in lab may not equal criminally aggressive behavior irl
- Short-term increase may not predict long-term changes
What’s the general effect of video games?
- Increases aggressive behavior, thoughts and emotions
- Reduces prosocial behavior
- Increase blood pressure
Why would high temperature correlate with higher crime rates?
- People conceptualize anger as heat
- People interact more in summer months… (but then nonviolent crime should also increase)
- Heat increases physiological arousal and we often misattribute the source of the arousal
What does people experience when they get socially rejected?
Being socially rejected activates same neural regions as physical pain, which increases stress and elevates blood pressure.
What is the correlation between social rejection and aggression?
- People who report chronic rejection are more likely to act aggressively in romantic relationships
- People who imagine a rejected future are more likely to blast strangers with white noise in lab
How does income inequality correlate with aggression?
- Correlates positively with murder, rape and assault rates
- Children more likely to experience conflict and bullying
- High income inequality neighborhoods experience more violence
The ____ does nothing by itself; its influence is channeled through the ____ process.
Situation; construal
Once angry, people think that things are more ____, people are more ____ towards them, and more ways to inflicting ____ onto others.
unfair, negative, harm
Presence of guns doesn’t increase aggression . However, when we’re angry, gun is interpreted as a ____ and can be used for ____.
weapon; aggression
Why would the presence of guns not increase aggressive behavior in hunters?
They construe guns as sporting/recreational gear unrelated to aggression and violence
Dehumanization
Tendency to attribute nonhuman characteristics to outgroup members
Tendency to dehumanize others increases with ____ ____
Ingroup loyalty
Culture of honor
A culture that is defined by its members’ strong concern about their own and other’s reputations
What does the Culture of Honor and Insults Study illustrate?
When insulted, Southern males showed more facial expressions of anger, shook hands more firmly, had severe spikes in testosterone, refused to move out of the way for other confederates, and were more likely to become aggressive
The rates of felony-related murders are similar in different regions of the US, but ____-related murders are much more common in the US ____ and ____ than in other regions
argument; South; Southwest
Rape-prone cultures
Where rape is commonly used in war, ritual, or threat
Characteristics of rape-prone cultures
- Historically high levels of violence
- Emphasis on male toughness and machismo
- Women had lower status
Inclusive fitness
Evolutionary theory that fitness of individual is based on reproductive success and passing of own’s genes down
- We want to increase inclusive fitness – therefore we nurture our children
Precarious manhood hypothesis
The idea that a man’s gender identity of strength and toughness may be lost under various conditions and that such a loss can trigger aggressive behavior (脆弱的男子气概belike)
What are some concepts related to misperception and polarization?
- Dehumanizing and misrepresenting a group
- With us or against us rhetoric
- Evil vs. Good`
Reactive decaluation
Attaching less value to an offer in a negotiation once the opposing group makes it
*the fact that the enemy makes an offer makes it suspicious – makes negotiations rather difficult
Simplistic Reasoning and Rhetoric
- Simple reasoning is seductive, but rarely effective in solving conflicts
What are some ways to reduce conflict/reconciliate?
- Face-to-face communication can greatly reduce conflict
- Restorative justice system – perpetrators try to apologize and victims try to forgive (victims report fewer thoughts of revenge and more likely to say justice system is fair)
