chapter 6

Question 1

what are 3 components of the introduction for qualitative research

Answer 1

1) brief literature review
2) gaps that can be addressed
3) research statement

Question 2

what is a type 1 error? give example

Answer 2

when you incorrectly reject the null hypothesis when it is true.

value. 0.5

example: False Positive

Question 3

what is a type 2 error? give example

Answer 3

when you incorrectly accept the null hypothesis when it is false

value: 0.9 or 0.8

example: False Negative

Question 4

what is type 1 error compared to?

Answer 4

jumping the gun

Question 5

what is type 2 error compared to?

Answer 5

missing the boat

Question 6

what are the 4 components of power analysis?

Answer 6

1) alpha level (type 1 error)
2) power (type 2 error)
3) An estimate of effect size (literature, clinical experience, best guess!)
4) Sample size required ($)

Question 7

what does power analysis intended to do?

Answer 7

computing the sample size required

Question 8

what are the 3 critical appraisal focus of quantitative studies?

Answer 8

1) validity
2) reliability
3) applicability

Question 9

how does bias affect study?

Answer 9

it distorts study findings systematically

Question 10

what is gatekeeper bias? and an example

Answer 10

Those recruiting select a certain type of patient
E.g., a healthier patient out of concern intervention is too burdensome on more vulnerable members of the population

Question 11

what does magnitude of effect help you determine?

Answer 11

Effect size helps you determine clinical, not statistical, significance

Question 12

what is absolute risk?

Answer 12

“% of people with an outcome in a group

Typically report absolute risk by exposure status, so:
Risk (exposed to therapy or harm)
Risk (unexposed to therapy or harm, i.e., control group)

Question 13

what are absolute risk increase and decrease?

Answer 13

Absolute Risk Increase = Risk (exposed) – Risk (unexposed), when risk of an outcome is greater for treatment than for control group

Absolute Risk Reduction = Risk (unexposed) – Risk (exposed), when risk of an outcome is less for treatment than for control group

Question 14

what is relative risk ratio?

Answer 14

the ratio of the probability of an event occurring with an exposure divided by the probability of the event occurring without the exposure

if =1 means no difference
>1 means increased likelihood of risk in exposed group compared to unexposed group
<1 means reduced likelihood of risk in exposed group compared to unexposed group

Question 15

what is relative risk

Answer 15

Proportion of the risk in exposed group compared to the proportion of risk in the unexposed group

Relative Risk Reduction = 1 – Relative Risk

Question 16

what is odds ratio?

Answer 16

a measure of association between an exposure and an outcome. The OR represents the odds that an outcome will occur given a particular exposure, compared to the odds of the outcome occurring in the absence of that exposure.

1 signifies no difference in odds between groups
> 1 signifies increased odds of the outcome in exposed group compared to unexposed group
< 1 signifies reduced odds of the outcome exposed group compared to unexposed group