chapter 6

Question 1

all biochemical reactions for metabolism require

Answer 1

energy transformations

Question 2

metabolic pathways have ___ steps that require a ____ chemical reaction . each chemical reaction is catalyzed by a ______ ______.

Answer 2

several, separate, specific enzyme

Question 3

Catabolic pathways

Answer 3

BREAK DOWN complex molecules (food), releases energy bc breaking down molecules releases energy stored in those molecules

Question 4

Anabolic Pathways (ARNOLD SCHWARTZ)

Answer 4

build more complex molecules and require ENERGY (steroids)

Question 5

energy is

Answer 5

the capacity to cause change, exists in several forms (kinetic or potential), can be converted from one form into another

Question 6

potential energy

Answer 6

chemical energy stored in molecular structure, breaking down molecule releases it

Question 7

Thermodynamics

Answer 7

study of energy transformations

Question 8

closed vs open system

Answer 8

closed: isolated from surroundings, open energy can be transferred between system and surroundings (organisms) we release heat and waste

Question 9

first law of thermodynamics

Answer 9

energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed and transferred

Question 10

2nd law of thermodynamics

Answer 10

spontaneous change (no energy required) increase the entropy or disorder of the universe (think Cheetah)

Question 11

Spontaneous meaning

Answer 11

No energy required, free energy is less than 0 HIGH TO LOW, more stable

Question 12

exergonic reaction

Answer 12

releases free energy g<0, spontaneous (no energy required)

Question 13

endergonic

Answer 13

requires energy low to high g>0, non spontaneous, energy required

Question 14

how does ATP power cellular work

Answer 14

coupling exergonic and endergonic reactions because exergonic gives out ATP and endergonic uses ATP

Question 15

catabolic is ______, anabolic is ____

Answer 15

exergonic, endergonic

Question 16

ATP stands for

Answer 16

adenosine triphosphate

Question 17

ATP drives

Answer 17

endergonic reactions (need energy) through phosphorylation

Question 18

adding phosphate = adding

Answer 18

energy

Question 19

How does ATP regenerate

Answer 19

catabolic pathways drives regeneration of ATP from ADP and phosphate(ATP gives off P for cellular work), energy from catabolism phosphoyrlates ADP to become ATP

Question 20

Induced Fit

Answer 20

when substrate binds, enzyme changes shape to enhance or inhibit activity

Question 21

how is activation energy lowered?

Answer 21

1. orienting substrates correctly 2. straining substrate bonds 3. providing a favorable microenviornemnt 4. covalenlty bonding to the substrate

Question 22

cofactors (FACTORY)

Answer 22

NON-protein enzyme components like metals

Question 23

co enzymes

Answer 23

organic cofactors including vitamins

Question 24

non-competitive inhibitors

Answer 24

change function of enzyme by binding to another part, not active site

Question 25

why regulate enzyme activity?

Answer 25

control metabolism, balance catabolic and anabolic pathways

Question 26

allosteric regulation

Answer 26

binding to site other than active site changes function of enzyme, has activators and inhibitors

Question 27

cooperativity

Answer 27

form of allosteric regulation, enhances enzyme activity, provides activation for other subunits when subsrate bonds

Question 28

feedback inhibition

Answer 28

end product of a metabolic pathway shuts down the pathway at an early step

Question 29

allosteric site vs active site

Answer 29

allosteric site activates or inhibits enzyme, if susbtrate bonds there, it is non-competitive inhibition because it changes active site shape