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HLTH 230 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

How are proteins working molecules? x6

A

1)Enzymes
2)Antibodies
3)Transport Vehicles
4)Hormones
5)Cellular Pumps
6)Oxygen Carriers

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2
Q

How are proteins used for structure?x7

A

1)Tendons
2)Ligaments
3)Scars
4)Fibres of Muscles
5)Cores of bone and teeth
6)Filaments of hair
7)Materials of nails

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3
Q

What are proteins made of?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
Nitrogen
Some AA contain sulpher

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4
Q

Proteins are composed of?

A

Amino Acids

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5
Q

What are AA made of?

A

Amine group (N)
Acid Group
Side Chain (centre)

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6
Q

What is the role of side chains?

A

Make AA differ in Size, Shape, Electrical Charge
-determine molecules shapes and behaviours

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7
Q

What are essential AA?

A

AA cannot be synthesized by the body and can only be replenished from foods.

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7
Q

What are Nonessential AA?

A

AA that can be synthesized by the body
-Made from carbs or fat for backbones and nitrogen from other sources

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8
Q

What are the 9 essential AA?

A

1) Histidine
2)Isoleucine
3)Leucine
4)Lysine
5) Methionine
6)Phenylalanine
7)Threonine
8)Tryptophan
9)Valine

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9
Q

What are the 11 Nonessential AA?

A

1)Alanine
2)Arginine
3)Asparagine
4)Aspartic Acid
5)Cysteine
6)Glutamine
7)Glycine
8)Proline
9)Serine
10)Tyrosine
11)Glutamic Acid

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10
Q

When do nonessential AA become conditionally essential?

A

In circumstances when the needs exceeds that body’s ability to produce it, it must be supplied by the diet.

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11
Q

T or F the body can recycle AA?

A

T: Can Breaks down proteins to reduce AA

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12
Q

What is average protein turnover per day?

A

300-400 g/day

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13
Q

When does the body recycle AA?

A

Recycle system provides access to amino acids for energy when needed

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14
Q

How do cells use AA for energy?

A

-Tissues can break down their proteins in times of fuel or glucose deprivation.
-Working proteins are sacrificed

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15
Q

How does the body decide what tissue proteins to dismantle?

A

Priority System
-Most dispensable proteins are used first (Blood and muscle)
-Structural proteins of certain organs are guarded until their use is forced by dire need. (heart and other organs)

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16
Q

What are peptide bonds?

A

Connects one AA to another
-Amine group of one to acid group of next

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17
Q

What rxn forms peptide bonds?

A

Condensation reaction

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18
Q

What are primary structures?

A

Linear sequence of AA connected by peptide bonds

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19
Q

What are secondary structures?

A

Polypeptide shapes (helix or b-pleated sheets)

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20
Q

How are secondary structures formed?

A

-Positively charged hydrogens attract nearby negatively charged oxygen
-Determined by weak electrical attractions within the chain

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21
Q

What are tertiary structures?

A

Polypeptide tangles
shapes gives characteristics

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22
Q

What determines tertiary structure?

A

-Side groups attract or repel each other
-Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic
-Disulphide Bridges

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23
Q

What are quarternary structures?

A

Multiple Polypeptide Interactions
-Interactions between 2 or more polypeptide

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24
Q

How does the shape of a protein affect it?

A

Proteins perform different tasks dictated by their shape

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25
Q

What is Collagen?

A

A protein from which connective tissues are made
-(tendons, ligaments, scars and foundations of bones and teeth)
-Acts like glue between cells

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26
Q

What is insulin?

A

Helps regulate blood sugar

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27
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Protein Catalysts

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28
Q

What is sickle-cell disease?

A

Inherited variation in AA sequence resulting in abnormal hemoglobin

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29
Q

What is the mutation that occurs in sickle-cell disease?

A

Replacement
Valine replaces glutamic acid

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30
Q

What is the result of sickle-cell disease?

A

Alters protein so that it is unable to carry oxygen
-Red blood cells collapse from the normal disk shape into crescent shape causing blood clotting, stroke and death

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31
Q

What is denaturation?

A

Irreversible change in a protein’s shape
-Can be caused by heat, acids, bases and alcohols

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32
Q

How is the denaturation of proteins important to digestion of food proteins?

A

-Stomach acids open up a protein’s structure
-Allows digestive enzymes to make contact with peptide bonds and cleave the,

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33
Q

Why is cooking important in terms of denaturing?

A

A protein that binds stuff together is denatured and allows for digestion.

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34
Q

In general what are the 3 steps of protein digestion?

A

1)Each protein performs a particular task in a specific type of tissue
2)Proteins eaten, must be broken down and absorbed
3)AA then arranged into specific human body proteins

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35
Q

How are stomach proteins protected from acids/enzymes?

A

Coating of mucus secreted by the stomach wall

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36
Q

What digests proteins?

A

Certain acid-tolerant proteins (enzymes) digest proteins from food that have been denatured by acid.

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37
Q

What is the mouth’s role in protein digestion?

A

Protein is crushed by chewing and moistened with saliva

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38
Q

What stomach enzyme is responsible for digestion proteins?

A

Pepsin

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39
Q

What type of proteins are received by the small intestine?

A

Polypeptides (small denatured pieces of protein from stomach)

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40
Q

What is the role of pepsin in the stomach?

A

Uncoil proteins into polypeptide strands

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41
Q

What digestion of proteins occurs in pancreas?

A

1)Neutralize Stomach Acid
2)Proteases (enzymes) break down until only protein left are dipeptides, tripeptides or single amino acids

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42
Q

What is the enzyme that digests proteins in the pancreas and small intestine?

A

Proteases

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43
Q

Why are single amino acids supplements bad?

A

Compete for absorption sites or overwhelm a carrier, resulting in possible deficiency in another AA

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44
Q

What are the claim to use AA supplements?

A

Easy to digest and protect digestive system from overworking

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45
Q

T or F the stomachs digestive enzymes can be denatured and absorbed when their jobs are done?

A

True

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46
Q

What absorbs AA in the small intestine?

A

The cells lining the small intestine absorb single AA in addition to splitting them into smaller pieces

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47
Q

T or F: Di-tripeptides can be absorbed into the bloodstream by the cells lining of small intestine?

A

False
They can be absorbed by the lining of small intestine but then are split into single amino acids by those cells

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48
Q

T or F: Few larger protein molecules can escape digestion processes all together and enter bloodstream intake?

A

True

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49
Q

What are the repercussions of large protein molecules entering blood stream without being digested? x2

A

1)May give info about the external environment
2)Stimulate an immune response and have a potential role in food allergies

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50
Q

Where are AA carried once in bloodstream?

A

Liver

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51
Q

Once in the liver what occurs to AA?

A

Used by liver or released back into blood to be taken up by other cells

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52
Q

What are AA used for in the liver? x3

A

-Protein Synthesis
-Energy
-Synthesize nonessential AA and released into bloodstream for cells

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53
Q

What are AA used for by cells? x3

A

-Make proteins for their own use
-Make proteins for other uses that are released into lymph or blood
-Energy

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54
Q

What are the 6 roles of proteins in the body?

A

1)Supporting growth and maintenance
2)Building enzymes, hormones and other compounds
3)Maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance
4)Maintaining Acid-Base Balance
5)Clotting of Blood
6)Providing Energy and Glucose

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55
Q

How are AA used to support growth and maintence?

A

1)AA must be continuously available to build the proteins of new tissue
2)Proteins helps replace worn-out cells and cell structures

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56
Q

What is protein turnover?

A

The continuous breakdown and synthesis of body proteins involving the recycling of AA (300/4–g/day)

57
Q

T or F AA are only used for protein synthesis?

A

F: some AA are components of things
Tryptophan: Serotonin and Niacin
Tyrosine: Epinephrine and Norepinephrine and Melanin and thyroxine

58
Q

What is used to make Antibodies?

A

AA
Produced by the immune system
large proteins of blood

59
Q

How does proteins maintain fluid balance in cells?

A

-Protein Attracts Water: By maintaining stores of internal proteins cells retain the fluids they need (proteins cant cross barriers but water can)
-Keeps fluids in vessels so it is not flowing in-between spaces between cells

60
Q

What is it called when the fluid balance system fails?

A

edema: The swelling of body tissue caused by the leakage of fluid from the blood vessels
-Seen in protein deficiency

61
Q

How do proteins maintain acid-base balance?

A

Blood Proteins act as buffers to maintain bloods pH
-Pick up hydrogens when too acidic (act as base)
-Release hydrogens when too basic (act as acid)

62
Q

What is Acidosis?

A

The condition of excess acid in blood
Below than normal pH

63
Q

What is Alkalosis?

A

The condition of excess base in blood
Above normal pH

64
Q

What are the effects of acidosis and alkalosis on proteins?

A

Proteins denatured- disturbs body processes

65
Q

How do proteins effect blood clotting?

A

Some proteins provide netting on which blood clots are built

66
Q

How do proteins provide energy and glucose?

A

When insufficient carb and fat- energy is provided
Gluconeogenesis (when fat cant provide glucose)

67
Q

T or F all hormones are proteins?

A

False

68
Q

What are the 3 ways a AA that arrives at a cell can be used?

A
  1. Used to build part of a growing proteins
  2. Altered to make another needed compound
  3. Dismantled to use its amine group to build another amino acid (remainder than used for energy)
69
Q

What occurs to amino acids when the cell is starved for energy and lacks glucose and fatty acids?

A

-The amine group is removed, and the remainder is used for energy.
-The amine group is excreted in urine

70
Q

What occurs when the body has surplus AA and energy? x2

A

1)Amino group is excreted

2)Remainder can be used for energy or converted to glucose or fat for storage

71
Q

What is wasted AA?

A

AA not used to build protein or make other nitrogen-containing compounds

72
Q

What are the 4 things that can occur that would result in a Wasted AA?

A

1)Body does not have enough energy from other sources
2)Has more protein than it needs
3)Has too much of any single AA, such as from a supplement
4)The diet supplies protein of low quality, with too few essential AA

73
Q

What are 3 things that must be done to prevent wasting of dietary protein and permit synthesis of needed body protein?

A

1)Dietary protein must be adequate in quality
2)The diet must supply all of the essential AA in proper amounts
3)Enough energy-yielding carbs and fat must be present (protein sparing_

74
Q

What does the body response to protein depend on? x3

A

1)Body’s state of health
2)Other nutrients and energy taken with the protein
3)Protein quality

75
Q

How does state of health effect the body’s need for protein?

A

Malnutrition and infection may greatly increase need for protein

76
Q

How does undernutrition effect the need for proteins?

A

Secretion of digestive enzymes slows as the tract’s lining degenerates

77
Q

How does infection effect the need for proteins?

A

Extra protein is needed for enhanced immune function

77
Q

What is protein quality and what is it influenced by? x2

A

Determines how well a diet supports the growth of a child and the health of adults.
-A protein digestibility
-A protein AA composoitin

78
Q

T or F Digestibility of a protein varies food to food?

A

True: Animals easier than plants
-Animals: 90+%
-Legumes: 80-90%
-Grains and other plant food: 70-90%

79
Q

What are high-quality proteins?

A

Dietary proteins containing all of the essential amino acids in relatively the same amounts that human beings require

80
Q

What is the AA pool?

A

AA dissolved in the body’s fluids, providing cells with ready raw materials to build new proteins or other molecules.

81
Q

What occurs if there are nonessential AA that the body requires?

A

If not available from food, the cell can synthesize it and continue to attach AA to the proteins strand being created

82
Q

Where do cells acquire AA composition?

A

AA pool
Food

83
Q

What occurs if the diet fails to supply enough of a essential AA?

A

-Cells begin to adjust activities
-Cells conserve restricted AA:
-limiting the breakdown of
their working proteins
-reducing their use of AA for
fuel

84
Q

Why is limiting AA bad?

A

-Limits proteins synthesis

85
Q

What occurs if the shortage of a AA is chronic?

A

Cell break down their protein-making machinery
-Cells will function less and with less efficiently

86
Q

If protein synthesis is limited due to an essential AA shortage, what happens to that partially completed protein? x2

A

NOT KEPT:
-Dismantled and AA returned to circulation
or
-Stripped of their amine group and residue is used for other purposes

87
Q

What are complementary proteins?

A

Two or more proteins whose AA assortments complement each other in such a way that the essential AA missing from one are supplied by the other.
-Dont need to be in the same meal

88
Q

What is mutual supplementation?

A

The strategy of combining 2 incomplete protein sources so that the AA in one food makes up for those lacking in other

89
Q

Why is protein quality important?

A

Concern about protein quality is generally not an issue when food is abundant.
-Quality can make the difference between health and disease in areas where protein is limited and adequate food energy is limited

90
Q

What is the RDA for protein recommended by the DRI committee?

A

0.8g/kg body weight/day RDA
10-35% of total calories AMDR

91
Q

T or F most people in Canada receive more protein than required?

A

True

92
Q

What is Nitrogen Balance?

A

The amount of nitrogen consumed compared with the amount excreted in a given time period

93
Q

In normal circumstance what is Nitrogen Balance?

A

At Equilibrium = Zero Balance
-Amount N in = Amount N out

94
Q

What is positive Nitrogen Balance/Status

A

More Amount IN than out
(more synthesized than degraded)
-Growing Children
-Preggo
-Recovering from protein deficiency

95
Q

What is negatuve Nitrogen Balance/Status

A

More Amount OUT than in
(degrades more than synthesized, body looses N when proteins are broken down)
-Starving/Stress

96
Q

What is the most widespread malnutrition problem?

A

Protein-Energy Undernutrition (PEU, PEM)

97
Q

What is Marasmus?

A

Chronic inadequate food intake
-Shrivelled and Lean all over
-Inadequate energy, vitamin, mineral and protein intake

98
Q

What is Kwashiorkor?

A

Severe acute malnutrition
-Swollen Belly and Skin rash
-Too little energy and protein to support body functions

99
Q

What age does Marasmus occurs the most?

A

Children 6-18 Months
-Food is a weak cereal drink with scant energy and protein of low-quality

100
Q

How are the symptoms of Marasmus and Kwashiorkor differ?

A

Everything is similar except Marasmus severe wasting of body fat

101
Q

What is a common cause of Kwashiorkor?

A

Baby is weaned off breast milk when the next child is born
-goes from high-quality breast milk to low quality cereal

102
Q

Why is a swollen belly a common symptom of Kwashiorkor?

A

-Proteins and hormones previously maintained fluid balanced are diminished
-Fluids then leak out of the blood and accumulate in the belly and legs, causing edema

Sad

103
Q

Why does the liver become fatty during Kwashiorkor?

A

Lack of protein carriers that transport fat out of liver, fatty liver looses ability to clear posions from body prolonging toxic effects

104
Q

What are common PEU/PEM causes in Canada? x8

A

1)Poverty
2)Elderly
3)Unhoused children and adults
4)Anorexia
5)Infants (over diluted formula)
6)Toddlers: Replacing milk with un-enriched, protein-poor health food rice drinks, almond drinks
7)Wasting diseases such as AIDS and Cancer
8)Addiction to drugs or alc

105
Q

PEU/PEM and Serious illness have a positive or negative relationship?

A

Positive
Treating PEU/PEM often reduces the severity of other illnesses.

106
Q

What are symptoms of hungry children x3?

A

1)Do not learn as well
2)Not as Competitive
3)Ill more often

107
Q

What is the DRI recommendation for max protein intake?

A

No more than 35% of calories from protein AMDR

108
Q

Does overconsumption of protein pose health benefits?

A

No
Cause health risk to heart, kidneys and bones

109
Q

What types of foods contribute to a abundance of high quality protein?

A

Meat, Milk/dairy, Soy

110
Q

What types of foods contribute to small quantities of proteins but can add up?

A

Veggies and Grain

111
Q

What vitamins are often found in proteins?

A

B12 and Iron

112
Q

What vitamins are not often found in proteins?

A

Vit C and Folate

113
Q

T or F Many protein rich foods are low in kcal-obesity?

A

False they are high in kcal-obesity

114
Q

What are the advantages of legumes as protein sources?

A

Many B Vitamins
Iron
Calcium

115
Q

What are the disadvantages of legumes as protein sources?

A

Vit A
Vit C
Vit B12

116
Q

How to balance AA in legumes?

A

Balance AA in legumes using grain and veggies

117
Q

Why may the use to too much soy products be bad?

A

Inhibits iron absorption
Improve by using small amounts of meat and or food rich in vit c

118
Q

What are texturized veggie protein?

A

Soy protein is often used by vegetarians that look and taste like meat but fall short in nutrition content (processed)

119
Q

Omnivore

A

Includes foods of both plant and animal

120
Q

Lacto-ovo vegetarian

A

Includes dairy products and eggs but excludes animal flesh and sea food

121
Q

Lacto- Vegetarian

A

Includes dairy products but excludes eggs, animal flesh and sea food

122
Q

Ovo-Vegetarian

A

Includes eggs but no dairy, animal flesh and seafood

123
Q

Pesco-vegetarian

A

Excludes animal flesh but eats seafood

124
Q

Vegan

A

Only food from plant sources

125
Q

Flexitarian

A

Primary plant-based foods but animal products are eaten occasionally

126
Q

Reasons for Vegetariansim?

A

Preference
Convenience
Advertising
Availability
Economy
Emotional Comfort
Habot
Positive Associations
Social Pressure
Values or Beliefs
Weight
Nutritional Value

127
Q

What are some common side effects of people who eat planned vegetarian diets in affluent countries? x5

A

-Decreased Obesity Rates
-Decreased Heart Disease Rates
-Decreased high blood pressure rates
-Decreased Cancer Rates
-Increased life span

128
Q

Why may veggie diets help weight loss?

A

Increased Fibre
Low Fat

129
Q

Veggie diets generally contain more of these things x3

A

Fibre
Potassium
Vitamins associated with reduced disease risk

130
Q

The healthiest meat eaters base their diets on x2

A

Abundant veggies, fruit, whole grains and milk
Small Servings of fish poultry and meat

131
Q

What are the 2 reasons meat lovers and misguided weight loss dieters are at more risk?

A

-Eliminate many fruits, veggies and grains
-Risk of nutrient deficient and increased chronic disease

132
Q

Poorly planned veggie diets can result in lack of x7?

A

1)Protein
2)Iron
3)Zinc
4)Calcium
5)Vit B12
6)Vit D
7)Omega-3

133
Q

Poorly planned omnivore diets can result in lack of x4?

A

1)Vit A
2)Vit C
3)Folate
4)Fibre

134
Q

What should the dietary intake of iron for vegetarians be increased by?

A

1.8x cuz iron in plants is poorly absorbed

135
Q

What deficiency does vit B12 result from?

A

Rickets

136
Q

What are 6 guidelines to follow when choosing a veggie diet?

A

1)Choose fresh, whole foods

2)Avoid reliance of heavily processed convenience foods that contain added sugars, salt, sat fats, and trans fat

3)Soy beverages and tofu fortified with calcium, vit D and b12 can substitute for cow’s milk

4)Dark green veggies and legumes help meet iron and zinc needs

5)To ensure adequate intakes of vit B12, Vit D and Calcium selected fortified foods or use supplements

137
Q
A
138
Q
A

HLTH 230 (10 decks)

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