Alcohol Flashcards
What is alc?
A class of organic compounds containing hydroxyl groups (OH)
What is ethanol (ethyl alc)? x2
1)A legal non-prescription drug that can produce euphoria
2)One of the most widely used and abused drugs in our society
3)A particular type of acl found in beer, wine, and distilled liquor
Can alc kill cell cells?
Yes, rapidly enters cells and destroys cell structures
What makes alcohol so dangerous?
Toxic in small amounts
How can alcohol be beneficial?
Toxicity to kill microbial cells
What is the least toxic alc?
Ethanol, therefore, when diluted and consumed in small quantities, can be used with low risk
What are the two ways alc is made?
Fermentation and Distillation
What is fermentation?
-Fruits, veggies or grains and combine with yeast or other microorganisms.
-Converts the sugars into ethanol and carbon dioxide
What is Distillation?
It involves heating the liquid to separate the alc from other components, as alc vaporizes at a lower temp than water, allowing for high alc concentrations.
What is in beer?
Barely or Other Grains
What is in wine?
Grapes or other fruit like apples
What is in Gin?
Grains and Juniper berries
What is in vodka?
Potatoes, corn or grains
What is in rum?
Sugarcane
What is in whiskey?
Grains such as barely, rye, or wheat
What is one standard drink?
13.6 grams of alc (1/2 oz)
How much alc (%) is in 142 ml (5 oz of wine)?
12%
How much alc (%) is in 43 ml (1.5 oz) of hard liq?
40%
How much alc (%) is in 341 ml (12 oz) of beer?
5%
What unit is distilled liquor usually in?
proof
What is 80 proof to alc %?
40%
What percentage of Canadians over the age of 15 consume alc?
80%
T or F More adults than youth consumed alcohol and more
males than female
T
What percentage of Canadians exceed the daily guidelines
for low-risk drinking.
18.7%
__ of males and ___ of females exceeded the single
occasion guidelines
23% males, 13% females
Are t or F alc rates increasing in underage people?
True, however, binge drinking (5 or more drinks on one occasion) is decreasing.
What is the most common drink of choice?
beer (just over 50% of the acl consumed is beer)
How many litres of alc is consumed per person/year over 15 y.o?
75 litres
____ litres of wine per person/year –
over 15 y.o
16
___ litres of spirits per person/year over 15 y.o?
5
Why did Canadian drink more during covid?
Lack or Regular Schedule
Boredem
Stress
How does alc marketing occur?
TV, Radio, Print Media, Billboard, and Point-of-Sale display
2/3 of alc advertising is found… x7?
1)Product placement (TV and Movies)
2)Event Venues
3)Scholarship Sponsorship
4)Alignment with Charities
5)Merchandise
6)Contests
7)Internet and Social Media
What is the impact of alcohol marketing?
Exposure to advertising influences:
Drinking Norms
Perceptions and Expectations of use
Intention to drink
Drinking behaviours
How is alc digested/consumed by the body to arrive at the brain?
Requires no digestion and can diffuse through the stomach
wall - reaches the brain within a minute
Why do high doses of alc trigger vomiting?
Protection
How does alcohol consumption differ/work on a full stomach?
-Limits alc absorption though the stomach
-Delays gastric emptying, delaying transit to intestine
Why do females absorb alc than more males?
-Females generally have less ald dehydrogenase (ADH) than males.
-Fasting promotes ADH breakdown
Where is most alc absorbed?
Small Intestine
What is the site of alc metabolsim?
Liver (contains ADH and 10% MEOS)
_____% of alc is excreted in breath and urine?
10
Why does alc increase urine output?
Decreases production of antidiuretic hormone
What occurs when alc intake exceeds what the liver can handle?
Alc circulates through the body and effects the body and brian
What is MEOS?
A system in the liver which metabolizes alc and drugs
What are the roles of MEOS? x3
1)Handles 10% of alc consumed
2)Handles more in higher concentrations or repeated exposure
3)Results in better tolerance
Why are the effects of drugs amplified when taken with alc?
MEOS deals with alc first, if alc and drug taken at same time drug builds up and effects amplified
Why do heavy drinkers feel less of a effect towards drugs (when taken alone) and alc?
Has more MEOS
The amount of alc in breath and urine a proportional to___?
The amount still in the blood stream and brain
T or F, Drinking is not a stimulant?
-True, it can relieve inhibitions but is not a stimulant.
-Sedates some inhibitory nerves thereby, excitatory nerves take over
What is the order the brain centre responds to alc?
1)Frontal Lobe (judgment and reason)
2)Speech and Vision centres become sedated
3)Large Muscle control is affected
4)Conscious brain is completely subdued so the person passes out
5)Deepest Brain (respiration and HR)
T or F, the more alc consumed the longer alcohol circulates in the body, the longer it takes
before alcohol dehydrogenase can break it down
True
What organ is more affected by alc?
liver
How does alc differ the function of the liver? x3
1)Fatty acids (that are usually used as fuel or packaged into triglycerides and sent to tissues) accumulate as the liver is busy breaking down
2)Increases fat synthesis by the liver
3) The liver deteriorates
What are the 3 stages of liver deteioration?
1)Fatty Liver
2)Fibrosis
3)Cirrhosis
Can the liver handle the accumulated fat from alcohol?
No, liver cells become less efficient at performing their regular tasks such as:
1)Activating Vit D
2)Producing and Releasing Bile
3)Making Glucose from protein
What synthesis is increased in the liver with exposure to alc?
Fatty acids
When can the accumulation of fat in the liver been seen?
1 bought of heavy drinking
What occurs with fatty liver? x2
-Disruption of the disruptions of nutrients and oxygen to cells in the liver
-If fatty liver lasts, liver cells die, and scar tissue is formed
T or F is fatty liver resersible?
yes with the abstinence from alc
How can fibrosis be reversed?
Good nutrition and abstinence from alcohol can help some liver cells regenerate
What occurs in cirrhosis?
Cells harden and permanently loose their function
What stage of liver detioration is the least reversible?
Cirrhosis
Gluconeogensis increases or decreases with fatty liver and liver disease?
Decreases
T or F high blood glucose occurs with fatty liver and lvier disease?
False, low blood glucose can occur
How does alc worsen gout systems?
Uric Acid Buildup
What is the result of the sped-up synthesis of blood lipids? x2
1)Increased triglyceride concentrations
2)Increased HDL concentration
What are 4 other ways alc disrupts the body?
1)Worsens gout symptoms due to increased uric acid metabolism
2)Speeds up synthesis of blood lipids
3)Alters AA and Protein Metabolism
4)Depresses production of immune system proteins
What are the effects of alc for female reproduction?
Infertility and spontaneous abortion
What are the effects of alc on male reproduction?
Suppression of testosterone secretion:
-Decreased muscle and bone tissue
-Abnormal prostate
-Decreased repro ability
What are the 3 aspects of a hangover?
Headache
Pain
Nausea
What two things cause hangovers?
Dehydration and Fromaldehyde
Why does dehydration cause hangover?
Reduced water content of brain cells and pain with rehydration
What causes the build-up of formaldehyde?
Competition of liver enzymes to turn ethanol to CO2 and water = build-up
T or F methanol is a normal part of cell activity?
True
What type of obesity comes with alc consumption in moderate drinkers?
Central Obesity/Beer Belly
Why does alc cause weight gain is moderate drinkers?
1)Alc adds extra calories and stimulates appetite
2)Alc is efficently metabolized in moderate doses
3)Body preferentially stores fat and uses alc for energy instead of fat
Why do heavy drinkers have weight loss/malnutrition?
1)More alc = less food consumed =less likely to consume adequate nutrients
2)Consumed as a substitute for food
3)Type of empty calories
What are the 11 acute (short-term) risk of alc? (Drinking too much on single occasion)
1) “impulsive behaviour
2) impaired attention, concentration and judgement
3) drowsiness
4) aggressiveness and violent behaviour
5) slowed reaction time
6) slurred speech
7) double or blurred vision
8)flushed skin
9) nausea and vomiting
10) frequent urination
11) impaired memory or loss of memory”
What are the 4 risks of severe alc intoxication leading to alc poisoning?
Stupor
Coma
Respiratory Arrest
Death
What are the potential long-term effects of alc x16?
1)Fetal Damage
2)Low Birthweight Baby
3)Fetal Alc Spectrum Disorder
4)Weakness and deterioration of cardiac and skeletal muscle
5)Brain cell Destruction
6)Cirrhosis
7) Cancer
8)Bladder, Kidney, Prostate Damage
9)Boen deterioration and osteoprosis
10)CNS damage and stroke
11)T2D
12)Impaired immunity
13)Impaired memory and balance
14)Depression
15)Skin rashes and sores
16)Stomach ulcers
How can alc causes fetal damage? x5
1)Temp. stop O2 to fetal via the umbilical cord
2)Slows cell division
3)Reduced Brain cells
4)Affects the nutrients supply of the mother therefore the fetus
5)Can affect egg and sperm
T or F a low-weight baby is common in those who drink two drinks/day during pregnancy?
true
What is fetal Alc Spectrum disorder?
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder describes the impacts on the
brain and body of someone exposed to alcohol in the womb.
T or F FASD a lifelong disability but is preventable with the right services and supports
T
People with FASD may need support with? x8
- Learning
- Memory
- Attention
4.Social Skills - Motor Skills
- Physical Health
- Communication
- Emotional Regulation
The impact of alcohol on a developing fetus depends
on x3?
1) How much alc was consumed
2)How often alc was consumed
3)When during pregnancy was it consumed
How does alc disrupt the stomach (nutrition)?
Stomach cells over secrete acid and histamine (inflammation )
What absorption is decreased via intestinal cells due to alc? x3
Thiamin, Folate and B6
How does alc disrupt the liver (nutrition)? x3
1)Less efficient activation of Vit D
2)Altered production and excretion of bile
3)Reduced capacity to process and use vit A
What mineral excretion is increased by the kidneys due to alc? x4
Magnesium
Calcium
Potassium
Zinc
How does folate deficiency occur with increase alc?
1)Liver loses ability to retain folate
2)Folate excretion in urine by kidneys increases
3)Folate is secreted in the bile and reabsorbed in the
intestines- intestines damaged by folate deficiency and
alcohol toxicity therefore decreasing folate absorption
OVERALL: Excess alcohol promotes folate excretion, inhibits its
absorption, & interferes with its action
How does alc increase homcysteine?
Alcohol interferes with converting homocysteine to
methionine-therefore increased homocysteine
How does Thiamin deficiency occur with increase alc?
-Inadequate intake and impaired absorption
-Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
How does B6 deficiency occur with increase alc?
Acetylaldehyde dislodges B6 from its binding protein
causing deficiency and lowered production of red blood
cells
How does alc affect Thiamin, FOlate and B12?
Decreased absorption
How does alc affect Vit D?
Live cells loose efficiency at converting Vit D to active form
How does alc affect Vit A?
Live cells loose efficiency at converting Vit D to active form
What is the result of all increasing stomach acid production by stomach cells?
Possible Ulcer formation or irritating GERD
How does alc cause Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome?
Thiamin deficiency with
chronic alcoholism
What nutritional deficiencies may alc addicts may have and need nutrition therapy to reduce?x6
Night blindness, Beriberi, Pellagra, Scurvy, Protein-energy
malnutrition
What is guideline 1 of Canada’s low-risk alc drinking guidelines?
-Reduce your long-term health risk by drinking no more than:
1)10 drinks a week for women, with no more than 2 drinks a day most days
2)15 drinks a week for men, with no more than 3 drinks a day most days
-Plan non-drinking days every week to avoid developing a habit
What is guideline 2 of Canada’s low-risk alc drinking guidelines?
Reduce your risk of injury and harm by drinking no more than 3 drinks (for women) and 4 drinks (for men) on any single occasion
What is guideline 3 of Canada’s low-risk alc drinking guidelines?
Do not drink when you are:
1. Driving a motor vehicle
2. Taking medicine or other drugs that interact with alc
3. Living with mental or physical health problems
What is guideline 4 of Canada’s low-risk alc drinking guidelines?
If you are preggo, planning to be preggo, or about to breastfeed, the safest choice is not to drink at all.
0 Drinks a week risks
-Not drinking has benefits, such as better health, and better
sleep.
-Only Safe option when preggo
2 standard drinks or less per week risks
You are likely to avoid alcohol-related
consequences for yourself or others at this level.
3-6 standard drinks per week risk
Your risk of developing several types of cancer, including breast and colon cancer, increases at this level
7 standard drinks per week risk
Your risk of heart disease or stroke
increases significantly at this level.
When is zero alc, the limit x6:
1)Driving a motor vehicle
2)Using machinery and tools
3)Taking medicine or other drugs that interact with alc
4)Doing any kind of dangerous PA
5)Being responsible for the safety of others
6)Making important decisions
What is suggested for alc consumption to reduce risk of hypertension?
-In healthy adults, abstaining from alcohol or reducing alcohol intake of 2 drinks per day or less is recommended to prevent hypertension
What are 10 ways to limit alc consumption?
1)Hydrate w/ water
2)Serve Moctails
3)Measure Drinks
4)Wind Down without Alc
5)Choose low salt snacks (makes us thirsty)
6)Pace Yourself
7)Set reasonable goals
8)Don’t pre-drink
9)Cut down the alc ocntent
10)Take the focus off drinking
What is the most common form of cancer associated with alc?
colon
Does moderate alc benefit health in young people?
No , increase risk of death
-Car crashes, homicides, and violent death
-Increased risk of breast cancer
Does moderate alc decrease risk of heart disease?
1 2 drinks per day reduces the risk for those over 60 years of
age who have an increased risk of heart disease
-More alcohol than this increases the risk of heart disease
-Both wine & beer reduce heart attack risk in some populations
How does alc decrease CVD risk? x3
1)Improved lipid profile
2)Decreased coagulation
3)Increased insulin sensitivity
What are the 2 compounds in red wine?
Flavonoids – plant-based antioxidants (Quercetin)
Non Flavonoids (Resveratol)
What are the health effects of wine? x4
1)Antioxidant
2)High potassium in both wine & grape juice may lower high blood pressure
3)Flavonoids & antioxidants in wine may protect against events that are thought to trigger heart disease (but small amount compared to veggies)
4)Alcohol increases oxidation in the body
How does alcohol affect appetite?
1)Usually makes people unaware of their hunger
2)Small doses of wine may be beneficial in promoting appetite in the elderly
