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HLTH 230 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 chemical tastes?

A

1)Sweet
2)Sour
3)Bitter
4)Salty
5)Umami (MSG)

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2
Q

What is Flavour?

A

Flavour is the total sensory impression when a food is eaten

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3
Q

What are 4 elements of flavour?

A

1)Aroma (smell more sensitive than taste)
2)Texture
3)Temperature
4)Taste

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4
Q

Why do people like Sugar Fat and Salt?

A

Encourages adequate energy intake
-However can lead to overconsumption

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5
Q

Why do people avoid bitterness?

A

Discourages consumption of foods containg bitter toxins

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6
Q

What are the 2 roles of the digestive system?

A

1)Digest (break molecules of food into smaller molecules)
2)Absorb (movement of nutrients into intestinal cells after digestion)

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7
Q

Where does mechanical digestion begin?

A

Mouth

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8
Q

What is the role of salvia?

A

Softens rough/sharp foods
Salvia moistens and coats foods

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9
Q

What is the role of mastication?

A

Releases nutrients trapped inside indigestible skins

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10
Q

What is Peristalsis?

A

Wave-like muscular squeezing in the esophagus, stomach and small intestine

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11
Q

Where is the Sphincter muscle?

A

Base of esophagus

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12
Q

What is the role of the stomach?

A

Holds food, mashes and liquefies it

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13
Q

What is chyme?

A

liquefied food from mechanical and chemical breakdown in stomach

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14
Q

What occurs in the small intestine?

A

Majority of absorption and segmentation

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15
Q

What occurs in the large intestine/colon?

A

-Digestion and absorption are nearly finished
-Colon reabsorbs water and minerals
-Fibre and undigested material make up feces
-Rectum stores feces

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16
Q

How long does transit from mouth to rectum take?

A

1-3 days

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17
Q

What are the 3 chemical aspects in the mouth?

A

1)Salivary Amylase (breaks down starch)
2)Lingual Lipase (digestion of fat)
3)Salvia helps maintain teeth

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18
Q

Where does protein digestion occur?

A

Stomach

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19
Q

What does the stomach release for chemical digestion?

A

Gastric Juice
(Denature proteins and activates pepsin)

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20
Q

How is the digestive tract protected from the acid?

A

Mucus

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21
Q

Where does most digestion and absorption occur?

A

Small Intestine

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22
Q

What stimulates the gallbaldder to release bile (emuslifer) into the small intestine?

A

Hormonal Messengers (CCK stimulated by fat and protein in small intestine)

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23
Q

What is Bile?

A

Emsuilifer produced in liver and stored in gallbladder released into the small intestine

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24
Q

What is pancreatic juice?

A

contain enzymes and bicarbonate
-enzymes: digests carbs, protein and fat
-Bicarbonate: neutralizes stomach acid

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25
Q

What does pancreatic and intestinal enzymes break down?

A

Carbs
Proteins
Fats

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26
Q

What remains the digestive tract?

A

Water
Fibre
Minerals

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27
Q

What are microbiota?

A

Refers to the mix of microbial species of a community for example those in the digestive tract

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28
Q

What are probiotics?

A

Consumable products containing live microorganisms in sufficient numbers to alter the bacterial colonies of the body in ways to believed to benefit health

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29
Q

What are prebiotics?

A

Substances that may not be digestible by the host such as fibre but serves as food for probiotic bacteria and thus promotes their growth

30
Q

Where is starch digestion stopped?

A

pH of the stomach (starts in mouth)

31
Q

Where are proteins, starch and fat broken down?

A

Small Intestine

32
Q

Where are fibres (if possible), fluid and some minerals absorbed?

A

Large Intestine (colon)

33
Q

What is small intestine lined with that help absorption?

A

Villi and Microvilli that increase SA

34
Q

How is absorption in the intestine selective?

A

Based on current needs of the body

35
Q

How does absorption work?

A

-Nutrients pass through cells of the villi
-Blood and lymph then transport nutrients to the body’s cells

36
Q

What do blood vessels do in terms of absorption?

A

Transport most of the products of carbs and protein, vitamins and minerals to the liver

37
Q

What do lymphatic vessels do in terms of absorption?

A

Transport products of fat digestion later delivered to bloodstream

38
Q

How is the digestive system sensitive to poor nutrition?

A

1) The absorption surface of the small intestine shrinks
2)Without fibre GI tract becomes weak (exercise)
3)Malnutrition itself impairs digestion and becomes self-perpetuating (vicious circle)

39
Q

What are seven potential problems with digestion?

A

1)Belching, Gas and Hiccups
2)Heartburn/GERD
3)Choking
4)Dysphagia
5)Constipation
6)Diarrhea
7)Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

40
Q

What is GERD?

A

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Severe and chronic exposure of the esophagus, throat and mouth, or airway to stomach acids and enzymes causing inflammation and injury

41
Q

What is Heartburn/GERD?

A

Reflux of acidic of stomach contents into the esophagus

42
Q

What is a potential solution for heatburn?

A

Antacids that neutralize stomach acidity

43
Q

What are the problems with antacids?

A

-Produces more acid to restore conditions
-Interfere with ability to absorb nutrients
-Cause indigestion and diarrhea
-Mask the symptoms of an ucler or GERD

44
Q

What is a Ulcer?

A

An erosion in layers of cells that from a lining

45
Q

How is a Ulcer treated?

A

Antibiotics

46
Q

What is a Hernia?

A

A protrusion of a organ or body part through the wall of the body chamber that normally contains the organ.

47
Q

How are hernias treated?

A

Surgery

48
Q

What is choking?

A

Food is lodged in the trachea and blocks the passage of air

49
Q

What is Dysphagia?

A

Difficulty Swallowing

50
Q

What is Constipation?

A

Infrequent, difficult bowel movements

51
Q

What causes constipation?

A

diet,inactivity,dehydration, medication

52
Q

How to prevent constipation? x4

A

1)Defecate when needed
2)Consume Sufficient Fibre
3)Drink Fluids
4)Be physically active

53
Q

What is Diarrhea?

A

Frequent bowel movement

54
Q

What causes diarrhea?

A

Diet, stress, irritation of the colon

55
Q

What is IBS (irritable bowel syndrome)

A

Frequent bouts if diarrhea and constipation

56
Q

Where does the liver pull waste from?

A

Blood

57
Q

What are the two paths waste after the liver processes?

A

1)Sends them to the digestive tract with bile and to leave the body with feces
2)Prepares them to be sent to the kidneys for disposal in urine

58
Q

What do kidneys do in terms of the excretory system?

A

Waste and Water removal
Filter blood and waste and water becomes urine

59
Q

Where is the excretion or retention of sodium occur? And why is it improtant

A

Kidney
important for blood pressure regulation

60
Q

What regulates fluid volume and concentrations of substances in the blood and extracellular fluids?

A

Kidney

61
Q

How are kidney function regulated?

A

Hormones

62
Q

What occurs when we have extra nutrients?

A

Store it

63
Q

How are excess energy-containing nutrients stored?

A

Glycogen and Fat

64
Q

How are excess carbohydrates stored?

A

Glycogen

65
Q

How are excess fat proteins and carbohydrates stored?

A

Fat

66
Q

Where is excess fat stored?

A

Adipose Tissue

67
Q

Why are glucose and fat storage systems important?

A

Ensure that the body cells have a source of energy

68
Q

What happens to the storage of some nutrients if they reach toxic levels?

A

Stored without a limit. Vitamin D

69
Q

What occurs to the storage of nutrients that are usually rapidly depleted?

A

Stored in small amounts. Vitamin C

70
Q
A
71
Q
A

HLTH 230 (10 decks)

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