Chapter 1 Flashcards
What is Nutrition?
Study of nutrients and other biologically active compounds in foods and in the body; sometimes also the study of human behaviours related to food.
What is Diet?
Foods and Beverages that a person consumes
6 nutrients foods provide?
-Water
-Fats
-Minerals
-Carbs
-Protein
-Vitamins
Why does the body need nutrients? x2
- Body renews its structures constantly (muscles, bones, skin, blood)
- Fat is added and used by body
What is Malnutrition?
Any condition caused by excess or deficient food energy or nutrient intake or by imbalance of nutrients
What are Undernutrients?
Nutrient or energy deficiencies
What are Overnutrients?
Nutrients or energy excesses
What are the two common lifestyle habits that have more influence on long-term health other than diet?
1)Smoking/Tobacco
2)Alcohol Consumption
What are the 3/4 leading causes of death in Canada that are influenced by diet and nutrition?
1)Cancer
2)Heart Disease
3) Stroke
What is a chronic disease?
Long duration, degenerative diseases characterized by deterioration of the body organs
What are the 3 things that influence the risk of getting chronic disease?
Genetics
Lifestyle
Diet
5 Types of Chronic Diseases?
Heart Disease
Diabetes
Cancer
Dental Disease
Adult Bone Loss
What is Nutritional Genomics?
Science of how nutrients affect the activity of genes and how genes affect the activity of nutrients.
What are two other names for nutritional genomics?
Molecular Nutrition
Nutrigenomics
Why is nutritional genomics important?
Holds the promise of helping to determine an individual’s specific nutrient needs for health, fighting disease, etc.
What is energy?
Capacity to do work
How is food energy measured?
Calories (kcals)
Where does the energy that fuels the human body come from?
Indirectly from sun via plants (eat plants and eat animals that eat plants)
What is 1 kilocalorie?
The amount of heat necessary to raise the temp. of water by 1 degree C
How many calories in 1 kilocalorie?
1000 Calories
How many calories are in 1 calorie?
1000 Calorie
What are the 6 classes of nutrients?
1)Carbs
2)Lipid(Fats)
3)Protein
4)Vitamins
5)Minerals
6)Water
Why is alc not a nutrient?
Interferes with body processes
What is Macronutrients?
Required in reactively large amounts per a day
grams per day
Carbs, Proteins, Fat, Water
What are Micronutrients?
Required in small amounts per day
Milligrams or Micrograms/day
Vitamins and Minerals
What are essential nutrients?
Nutrients a person must obtain from food because sufficient amounts cannot be made by the body
What are inorganic nutrients?
Nutrients with no carbon (water and minerals)
What are organic nutrients?
Contains Carbon (C-C bonds or C-H bonds)
-Carbs, Lipids, Proteins, Vit
What are energy-yielding nutrients?
Nutrients that can be broken down to provide energy to the body
-Carbs, Lipids, Proteins
What are the 4 types of Macronutrients?
Carbs
Proteins
Fat
Water
What are the 2 types of Micronutrients?
Vitamins
Minerals
What are the 2 types of inorganic nutrients?
water and minerals
What are the 4 types of organic nutrients?
Carbs
Proteins
Lipids
Vitamins
What are 3 types of non-energy yielding nutrients?
Minerals
Water
Vitamins
What are the 3 types of energy-yielding nutrients?
Carbs
Proteins
Lipids
What are vitamins and minerals?
Regulators that assist in all body processes, such as digesting food and healing wounds
Is alc energy yielding although it is not a nutrient?
Yes
How much energy is a carb kcal/g?
4 kcal/g
How much energy is a protein kcal/g?
4 kcal/g
How much energy is a fat kcal/g?
9 kcal/g
How much energy is a alc kcal/g?
7 kcal/g
Can we live on supplements only?
Yes
What are elemental diets?
Diets composed of purified ingredients can supply all the nutrients to people who cannot eat food
What are 3 examples of elemental diets?
Enteral Nutrition
TPN (total parental nutrition)
Liquid Formulas
Why aren’t supplements superior to real food? x4
Contain micro and macronutrients :
-Do not contain all the nonnutrients in food that may be beneficial
-Lead to med complications
-Digestive organs atrophy (lack of use of digestive tract)
-Eating food provides physical and emotional comfort
What are nonnutrients?
Non-nutrient compounds that are found in plant-derived food and have bioactivity on the body
What are phytochemicals?
Non-nutrient compounds that are found in plant-derived foods and have biological activity in the body.
-Reduce Disease
-Contribute to colour, tase, etc to foods
What are enriched foods/fortified foods
Foods in which nutrients have been added
If the stating material is a whole food (milk/whole grain), is it a nutritious/non-nutritious food?
nutritious
If the stating material is high in fat or sugar, is it a nutritious/non-nutritious food?
non-nutritious
What are functional foods?
A term that reflects an attempt to define as a group the foods known to possess nutrients or non-nutrients that might lend protection against diseases
-OJ ot Oatmeal
Natural Foods
-No legal def
-Used in ads
Super foods
No legal def
-Used in ads
Processed foods
-Foods subject to any milling, alteration in texture, additives, cooking or others.
-Can be both nutritious or not
-Should be limited
Processed foods are often rich in x3?
Sugar
Salt
Sat. Fat
Nutraceutical
A product that has been isolated from foods often sold in pill form.
Staple Foods
Foods used frequently or daily
What are the 5 key components of a healthy diet?
Adequacy
Balance
Cal Control
Moderation
Variety
What is adequacy?
Provides all essential nutrients, fibre, and energy in sufficient amounts to maintain health and body weight
What is Balance?
Provides foods of a number of different types in proportion to each other, such that foods rich in some nutrients do not replace foods that are rich in other nutrients.
What is Cal Control?
Control of energy intake
What is Nutrient Density
-Part of Cal Control
-A measure of the nutrients provided per kcalorie of food
The general rule for nutrient density?
The more nutrients and the fewer the calories, the higher the nutrient density
What is moderation?
The dietary characteristic of providing constituents within set limits, not to excess
-Food should: Sugar, Types of Fats, Salts
What is Variety?
Wide selection of foods
What is variety important x4?
1)Increases likelihood a diet will be adequate in nutrients
2)Some non-nutrient food components are higher in some foods than others, and they may be important to health
3)Helps limit toxins or contaminants in a certain food or type of food
4)Can make the diet more interesting
Why do people choose foods?
Cultural and Social Meaning
-Tradition Cuisines and Foodways
-Ethic Foods
-Omnivore
-Vegetarian
-Vegan
-Pescetarian
What are Foodways?
The sum of a cultures habits, customs, beliefs and preferences concerning food
What are Ethnic Foods?
Foods associated with particular subgroups of the populations
What are omnivores?
A person who eats foods of both plant and animal origin including animal flesh
What are vegetarians?
Excludes animal flesh and possibly other animal products such as milk, cheese and eggs from their diets
What are vegan/strict vegetarian?
Includes only foods from plant sources
What is a pescatarian and pescovegetarian?
Includes fish and seafood but excludes meat and poultry
What factors drive food choices x13?
-Convenience
-Advertising
-Availability
-Economy
-Emotional Comfort
-Habit
-Personal preference (may have a genetic component)
-Positive Associations
-Region of the country
-Social Pressure
-Values of Beliefs
-Weight
-Nutritional Value
5 Types of Nutrition?
Clinical Nutrition
Community Nutrition
Public Health
Food Policy
Food Science
Can the news be trusted to deliver nutrition news?
-Report ideas before being fully tested
-Lack knowledge of background
-Causation or Correlation
Difference between nutritionist vs registered dietitian?
-Anyone can be a nutritionist (not protected by law)
-Dietitian must go through school and examination (protected by law)
What is a nutrition assessment?
-Individual assessment is vital for nutritional care
-Conducted by dietician of another healthcare pro
-A comprehensive analysis of nutritional status
-Data is interpreted re: current standards for an individual’s age, sex, life stage, etc.
What does a nutrition assessment typically include x4?
-health and diet history
-anthropometric measurements
-lab test
-socioeconomic/social info
T or F a nutrient will have both a RDA and a AI?
False
