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Anatomy & Physiology 1 Midterm > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What are bones?

A

An organ made up of bone, cartilage, dense connective tissue, adipose, blood, and nervous tissues working all together.

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2
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

A
  1. Provides support
  2. Protects the internal organs
  3. Assists body movements
  4. Mineral homeostasis- stores and releases calcium and phosphorus.
  5. Participates in blood cell production (hemopoiesis- red bone marrow)
  6. Stores fats in the adipose cells of yellow bone marrow.
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3
Q

What is the structure of a long bone?

A

Diaphysis (bone shaft)
2 epiphyses (both ends of the bone at joints)
2 metaphyses (region between diaphysis and epiphysis)
Articular cartilage- covering both epiphyses.
Periosteum (connective tissue surrounding the diaphysis)
Medullary cavity (hollow space within diaphysis)
Endosteum (thin membrane lining the medullary cavity)

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4
Q

What are the two names of the Epiphyseal in between the spongy bone and why?

A

Epiphyseal Plate- If you’re still growing.
Epiphyseal line- If you’ve stopped growing.

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5
Q

What is the most abundant mineral salt in bones?

A

Calcium Phosphate

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6
Q

What determines a bone’s hardness and flexibility?

A

Hardness depends on the crystalized inorganic mineral salts.
Flexibility depends on its collagen fibers.

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7
Q

What are the 4 types of cells in Bones?

A

Osteoprogenitor cells- bone stem cells (production)
Osteoblasts- Bone-building cells (make bones hard and flexible by initiating calcification.
Osteocytes- mature bone cells
Osteoclasts- bone resorption (breaks down bones)

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8
Q

What is the difference between a compact bone and a spongy bone?

A

Compact bone- good at providing protection and support; strongest.
Spongy bone- lightweight and provides tissue support.

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9
Q

What is the structure of a compact bone?

A

Osteon- a structural unit of compact bone.
Concentric lamella- a ring-shaped layer of collagen and calcified matrix within the osteon.
Lacuna- space between lamellae housing an osteocyte.
Central Canal- central region of an osteon, contains blood vessels and nerves.
Canaliculi- small tunnels connecting lacunae, a pathway for exchange between osteocytes.
Osteocyte- cells that maintain bony tissue.

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10
Q

What is the structure of a spongy bone?

A

Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Canaliculi
Osteoclast
Red bone marrow
Trabeculae- a structural unit of the spongy bone, arranged irregularly for space for red bone marrow.

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11
Q

What is the structure of the blood and nerve supply of bone?

A

Periosteal arteries enter the diaphysis through perforating canals.
A nutrient artery enters the center of the diaphysis to the medullary cavity through a nutrient foramen. Nutrient veins exit via the same canal.
Bones can have one or several nutrient arteries and veins.

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12
Q

What are the two mechanisms of ossification?

A

Intramembranous ossification - flat bones
Endochondral ossification- long bones.

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13
Q

Describe the process of intramembranous ossification.

A
  1. Osteoblast secrete organic extracellular matrix.
  2. Calcium and other minerals deposit and the extracellular matrix hardens.
  3. Extracellular matrix develops into spongy bone trabeculae that fuse to form spongy bone.
  4. Mesenchyme at the periphery of the bone develops into the periosteum.
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14
Q

Describe the process of endochondral ossification

A
  1. Mesenchymal cells develop into chondroblasts.
  2. Cell division of chondroblasts.
  3. Bone tissue has replaced most of the cartilage.
  4. Osteoclasts form the medullary cavity.
  5. Development of secondary ossification centers.
  6. Formation of articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate.
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15
Q

What are some factors affecting bone growth and remodeling?

A

Calcium and Phosphorus
Vitamin A, C, D, K, and B12
Sex hormones
Parathyroid hormone
Calcitonin

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16
Q

What is the effect of calcium and phosphorus on bone growth?

A

Make bone extracellular matrix hard.

17
Q

What is the effect of Vitamin A on bone growth?

A

Needed for the activity of osteoblasts.

18
Q

What is the effect of Vitamin C on bone growth?

A

Needed for synthesis of collagen.

19
Q

What is the effect of Vitamin D on bone growth?

A

Builds bone by increasing absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the digestive canal into the blood.

20
Q

What is the effect of Vitamin K and B12 on bone growth?

A

Needed for synthesis of bone proteins.

21
Q

What is the effect of Sex hormones on bone growth?

A

Estrogen in women and Testosterone in men is secreted; stimulates osteoblasts and promotes the sudden growth spurt during the teenage years.

22
Q

What is the effect of Parathyroid hormone on bone growth?

A

Secreted by the parathyroid glands; promotes bone resorption by osteoclasts. Enhances recovery of calcium ions from urine; promotes the formation of calcitriol.

23
Q

What is the effect of Calcitonin on bone growth?

A

Secreted by the thyroid gland; inhibits bone resorption by osteoclasts.

24
Q

What are the three different phases in repairing a fractured bone?

A

The reactive phase
The reparative phase
The bone remodeling phase.

25
Q

What happens in the reactive phase?

A

Early inflammatory phase.
A clot forms around the site of the fracture. Circulation of blood stops at the site, causing nearby bone cells to die.
Swelling and inflammation occur, and phagocytes and osteoclasts begin to remove the dead or damaged tissue.

26
Q

What happens in the reparative phase?

A

Formation of a fibrous cartilage callus first and a body callus second.
Fibroblasts invade the fracture site and produce collagen fibers. Cells from the periosteum turn into chondroblasts and they produce fibrous cartilage.
Osteoprogenitor cells turn into osteoblasts which begin producing spongy bone trabeculae. Where it then joins the living and dead portions of the bone fragments.

27
Q

What happens in the bone remodeling phase?

A

Fragments of broken bone are gradually resorbed by osteoclasts.
Compact bone then replaces spongy bone.

28
Q

What are some common fractures?

A

Open fracture
Comminuted fracture
Greenstick fracture
Impacted fracture
Pott fracture
Colles Fracture
Vertebral compression fracture

29
Q

Describe what happens when blood Ca2+ levels drop.

A

The parathyroid gland secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH).
PTH increases blood Ca2+ levels.
PTH increases the number of activity of osteocytes.
PTH acts on the kidneys to decrease the loss of Ca2+ in the urine.
PTH stimulates the formation of calcitriol by the kidneys to increase calcium and phosphorus absorption in the GI tract.

30
Q

Describe what happens when blood Ca2+ levels rise.

A

The parafollicular in the thyroid gland secretes calcitonin (CT).
CT decreases blood Ca2+ levels.
Inhibits the activity of osteoclasts.
Speeds blood Ca2+ uptake by bone.
Accelerates Ca2+ deposition into bones.

31
Q
A

Anatomy & Physiology 1 Midterm (8 decks)

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