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Anatomy & Physiology 1 Midterm > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a tissue?

A

group of cells that have a common origin and function together.

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2
Q

What are the 4 types of tissues?

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

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3
Q

What are cell junctions?

A

Contact points between the plasma membranes of tissue cells.

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4
Q

What is a tight junction?

A

Strands of transmembrane proteins that form a tight connection. Prevents substances from passing through or leaking.

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5
Q

What are Adhering junctions?

A

Made of Actin, cadherin, and plaque to form an adhesion belt. Not tight and is used for contractile activities.

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6
Q

What are desmosomes?

A

Made up of Plaque, cadherin, and Keratin to form circular structures that connect with multiple desmosomes.

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7
Q

What are Hemidesmosomes?

A

Made up of keratin, plaque, and integrin, and attached to a basement membrane. Epithelial connects to basement membrane which is found in between the epithelial and connective tissue.

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8
Q

What are Gap junctions?

A

Made up of Connexons that connect one cell’s cytosol to another cell’s cytosol. Leaving gaps.

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9
Q

What is the major difference between epithelial tissue and connective tissue?

A

Epithelial is tightly packed with little to no extracellular matrix.
Connective tissue is scattered and loose and is surrounded by large amounts of extracellular matrix.

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10
Q

Does epithelial tissues have blood vessels?

A

No, they are avascular but do have a nerve supply.

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11
Q

What is the basement membrane?

A

The basement membrane is found in between the Epithelium and Connective tissue. It consists of Basal lamina and Reticular lamina.

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12
Q

What is the location and function of Simple Squamous Epithelium?

A

Lines cardiovascular and lymphatic system. Forms layer of serous membrane in abdominal and thoracic cavities.
Functions as filtration in the kidneys or diffusion in the lungs.

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13
Q

What is the location and function of Simple Cuboidal Epithelium?

A

Found on the surface of the ovary, eye lens, retina, kidney tubules, and small ducts in glands.
Functions as secretion and absorption.

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14
Q

What is the location and function of Nonciliated Simple Columnar epithelium?

A

Contains microvilli and goblet cells.
Found in the gastrointestinal tract, glands, and gallbladder.
Functions as Secretion and Absorption. Lubricates the digestive, respiratory, reproductive, and urinary tract. Helps prevent the destruction of the stomach lining.

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15
Q

What is the location and function of the Ciliated Columnar Epithelium?

A

Found in bronchioles and uterine tubes.
Functions in the respiratory system, cilia move mucus and foreign particles toward the throat to be coughed up or swallowed.
Cilia also move oocytes from ovaries.

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16
Q

What is the location and function of Nonciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium?

A

Singler layer without cilia or goblet cells. Found lining the epididymis, glands, and parts of the male urethra.
Functions as Absorption and Secretion.

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17
Q

What is the location and function of Ciliated Pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A

Single layer that contains goblet cells.
Found lining airways of the most upper respiratory tract.
Functions by Secreting mucus to eliminate foreign particles from the body.

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18
Q

What is the location and function of Stratified Squamous Epithelium?

A

Found in the superficial layer of skin, lining wet surfaces like the mouth and esophagus, and also covers the tongue.
Functions as Protection against abrasion. First line of defense against microbes.

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19
Q

What is the location and function of Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium?

A

Rare but found in ducts of adult sweat and esophageal glands.
Functions as Protection; limited secretion and absorption.

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20
Q

What is the location and function of Stratified Columnar Epithelium?

A

irregular-shaped cells that are found in the urethra, esophageal glands, and anal mucous membrane.
Functions as Protection and secretion.

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21
Q

What is the location and function of Transitional Epithelium (Urothelium)?

A

Cells change shape and have multiple layers and elasticity. Found lining the urinary bladder, ureters, and portions of the urethra.
Functions by allowing urinary organs to stretch and maintain protective lining.

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22
Q

What is the location and function of Endocrine glands?

A

Hormones enter interstitial fluid and then diffuse into the bloodstream.
The pituitary gland, the pineal gland in the brain, thyroid and parathyroid glands near the larynx, adrenal glands above the kidneys, the pancreas near the stomach, ovaries in the pelvic cavity, testes, and thymus.
Functions by secreting hormones that regulate metabolic and physiological activities to maintain homeostasis.

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23
Q

What is the location and function of the Exocrine glands?

A

Found in sweat, oil, and earwax glands of the skin. Salivary glands and pancreas.
Functions by producing substances like sweat to help lower body temp.

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24
Q

Which cells/glands are Unicellular?

A

Goblet cells.

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25
Q

What do Connective tissues consist of?

A

Connective tissue cells.
Extracellular Matrix
- Fibers and ground substance.

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26
Q

What connective tissue(s) are avascular?

A

Tendons and Cartilage.

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27
Q

What are Reticular Fibers?

A

Made of collagen and glycoproteins.
Provide support in blood vessel walls.

28
Q

What are Fibroblasts?

A

Large flat cells that secrete fibers and ground substance.

29
Q

What are Collagen Fibers?

A

Strong, flexible bundles of protein collagen. Most abundant protein in your body.

30
Q

What are Mast cells?

A

Abundant along blood vessels. Produce histamine, which dilates blood vessels during inflammation and kills bacteria.

31
Q

What are Plasmocytes?

A

Secrete antibodies that attack foreign substances.

32
Q

What is a Ground substance?

A

Material between cells and fibers.
Hyaluronic acid, chondroitin, sulfate, and glucosamine.

33
Q

What are Neutrophils?

A

White blood cells that migrate to sites of infection that destroy microbes by phagocytosis.

34
Q

What are Eosinophils?

A

White blood cells migrate to sites of parasitic infections and allergic responses.

35
Q

What are Adipocytes?

A

Fat cells that store fats.

36
Q

What are elastic Fibers?

A

Stretchable, strong fibers made of proteins, elastin, and fibrillin.

37
Q

What are Macrophages?

A

Destroys Bacteria and cell debris by phagocytosis.

38
Q

What provides strength and support to tissues in the extracellular matrix?

A

Collagen Fibers
Elastic Fibers
Reticular Fibers

39
Q

What are the types of loose connective tissue?

A

Areolar, Adipose, and Reticular tissue

40
Q

What is the function and location of Areolar tissue?

A

In and around nearly every body structure.
Function is providing Strength, elasticity, and support.

41
Q

What is the function and location of Adipose tissue?

A

Wherever areolar connective tissue is located.
Functions by reducing heat loss through the skin; serves as an energy reserve; supports and protects organs.

42
Q

What is the function and location of Reticular connective tissue?

A

Supporting framework of the liver, spleen, lymph nodes; red bone marrow; reticular lamina of basement membrane; around blood vessels and muscles.
Functions as forming a framework for organs and binds smooth muscle tissue cells; filters and removes worn-out blood cells in the spleen and microbes in lymph nodes.

43
Q

What are the types of Dense Connective tissue?

A

Dense regular tissue, Dense irregular tissue, and Elastic connective tissue.

44
Q

What is the function and location of Dense regular tissue?

A

Forms tendons, most ligaments, and aponeuroses.
Functions by providing strong attachment between various structures. Tissue structure withstands pulling (tension) along a long axis of fibers.

45
Q

What is the function and location of Dense Irregular tissue?

A

Often occurs in sheets, such as fasciae, reticular dermis of skin, fibrous pericardium of heart, periosteum of bone, perichondrium of cartilage, articular capsules, membrane capsules around various organs; also in heart valves.
Functions by providing tensile (pulling) strength in many directions

46
Q

What is the function and location of Elastic connective tissue?

A

Found in Walls of elastic arteries and trachea, bronchial tubes within the lungs, true vocal cords, suspensory ligaments of the penis, and some ligaments between vertebrae.
Functions by allowing stretching of various organs; is strong and can recoil to its original shape after being stretched.

47
Q

What are the types of Cartilage?

A

Hylaine, Fibrous, and Elastic Cartilage.

48
Q

What is the function and location of Hyaline Cartilage?

A

The most abundant cartilage in the body. Found at the end of long bones, ribs, nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchial tubes, embryonic and fetal skeleton.
Functions by providing smooth surfaces for movement sat joints, flexibility, and support.
Weakest type of Cartilage.

49
Q

What is the function and location of Fibrous cartilage?

A

Thick bundles of collagen fibers that contain chondrocytes. Found at the intervertebral discs, menisci of the knee, and tendons that insert into cartilage.
Function by providing support and joining structures together. The strongest type of cartilage.

50
Q

What is the function and location of Elastic cartilage?

A

Network of elastic fibers that are found in the epiglottis, the auricle, and the auditory tubes.
Provides strength and elasticity; maintains the shape of certain structures.

51
Q

What is the function and location of Blood?

A

Blood consists of blood plasma and forms red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
Blood is found within blood vessels such as arteries, capillaries, and veins. As well as the chambers of the heart.
Red blood cells transport Oxygen and some Carbon dioxide. (no nucleus)
White blood cells carry on phagocytosis and mediate allergic reactions and immune system responses.
Platelets are essential for clotting. (aren’t considered alive)

52
Q

What are membranes? What are the types of membranes?

A

Flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover or line a part of the body. Sheets of cells.
2 types of membranes;
Epithelial membranes cover the surface.
Synovial membranes

53
Q

Describe the Mucous membrane.

A

Lines the body cavities that open to the outside and lines organs in the cavities. (Small intestine)

54
Q

Describe the Serous membrane

A

Line body cavities that do not open directly to the outside and cover organs in those cavities. (Lung)

55
Q

Describe the Cutaneous membrane

A

Covers the surface of the body. (Skin)

56
Q

Describe the Synovial membrane

A

Lines joints that contain an articular cavity. Contains synovial fluid (lubricant) and Synoviocytes. Allows free movement.

57
Q

Define Muscular tissue and what are the types of muscle tissues?

A

Muscular tissue consists of fibers that provide motion, maintain posture, and produce heat: contraction and Relaxation.
1. Skeletal Muscle- Moves skeleton; voluntary, long, and has multiple nuclei.
2. Cardiac muscle- Heart; involuntary, gap junctions.
3. Smooth muscle- Blood vessels and organs; involuntary.

58
Q

Describe Skeletal muscle tissue.

A

Consists of long, cylindrical, striated fibers. Voluntary because of conscious control of contracting and relaxing. Multiple nuclei.
Usually attached to bones by tendons( Dense regular tissue)
Provides motion, posture, heat production, and protection.

59
Q

Describe cardiac muscle tissue.

A

Branched fibers with one centrally located nucleus. Attach end to end by intercalated discs, that contain desmosomes and gap junctions. Located in the heart wall and pumps blood to all parts of the body.

60
Q

Describe smooth muscle tissue

A

Small spindle-shaped cell thickets in the middle with one centrally located nucleus. Contract in unison where gap junctions are present. Where gap junctions aren’t present fibers contract individually. Found in the iris of the eyes; walls of blood vessels, airways to the lungs, stomach, intestines, gallbladder, urinary bladder, and the uterus.
Provides motion by constriction of blood vessels and airways of lungs. Propulsion of foods through the GI tract and the contraction of the urinary bladder and gallbladder.

61
Q

Define Nervous tissues.

A

Nervous tissues consist of neurons (nerve cells), which consist of the cell body one to multiple dendrites, and a single axon. They also have neuroglia, which do not generate or conduct nerve impulses but have important supporting functions.
Found in the Nervous system and exhibits sensitivity to stimuli; converts stimuli into nerve impulses; and conducts nerve impulses to other neurons, muscle fibers, or glands.

62
Q

What is a dendrite?

A

are tapering, highly branched, and usually short cell processes. They are the major receiving or input portion of a neuron.

63
Q

What is an axon?

A

a single, thin, cylindrical process that may be very long. It is the output portion of a neuron, conducting nerve impulses toward another neuron or to some other tissue.

64
Q

Define Excitable cells.

A

Neurons and muscle fibers are considered excitable cells because they exhibit electrical excitability.
Which is the ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals, such as action potential. Can turn on/off- contract/relax. When an action potential forms in a neuron, it releases neurotransmitters that allow communication.

65
Q

Describe tissue repair.

A

The process that replaces worn-out, damaged, or dead cells.
In epithelial cells, the division of stem cells or undifferentiated cells occurs to replace cells.
In connective tissue cells, not all have the ability to repair. Cartilage is avascular so it repairs slowly.
Muscle cells can perform limited repair.
Nervous cells can perform limited repair and some cannot.
Fibrosis is the formation of scar tissue.

66
Q

What are the effects of Aging and the result of tissues?

A

Aging slows the process of tissue repair, and results in stiffening and loss of elasticity in tissues.

Anatomy & Physiology 1 Midterm (8 decks)

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