Chapter 1 Flashcards
Define Anatomy
The study of body structures and the relationships among them.
Define Physiology
The study of body functions and how the body parts work.
Define Cell Biology
Cellular Structure and Functions.
Define Histology
Microscopic structure of tissues
Define Gross Anatomy
Structures that can be examined without a microscope
Define Systemic anatomy
Structure of specific systems of the body such as the nervous or respiratory systems.
Define Regional anatomy
Specific regions of the body such as the head or chest.
Define Surface (topographical) anatomy
Surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy through visualization and palpation.
What are the Levels of structural organization from smallest to biggest?
- Chemical Level
- Cellular Level.
- Tissue Level.
- Organ Level.
- System level (Organ System)
- Organism Level.
What causes more interstitial fluid?
The faster the blood flow is, the more interstitial fluid there is.
What are the basic life processes that distinguish living things from nonliving things?
- Metabolism
- Responsiveness
- Movement
- Growth
- Differentiation
- Reproduction
What are the two phases of metabolism?
Catabolism- breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components.
Anabolism- Building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components.
What is Homeostasis?
a condition of equilibrium or balance in the body’s internal environment.
What are the types of fluid that remain outside of the body cells?
Extracellular Fluid:
1. Interstitial fluid
2. Blood plasma.
3. Lymph.
4. Cerebrospinal fluid.
5. Synovial fluid.
6. Aqueous humor and vitreous humor.
How is Homeostasis controlled?
The nervous system regulates homeostasis by sending nerve impulses to organs that can counteract changes from the balanced state. The endocrine system secretes hormones into the blood.
What’s needed for a feedback loop?
- A receptor- body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control center.
- Control center- the brain, receives input and provides nerve impulses to effectors.
- body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response
What is the main difference between negative and positive feedback loops?
Negative- Reverses a change in controlled condition.
Positive- reinforce a change in one of the body-controlled conditions.
What is the name of the position when a body is lying facedown?
prone position
What is the name of the position when a body is lying face up?
supine position
What are the regional names in an anatomical position?
- Cephalic (head)
- Cervical (neck)
- Trunk
- Upper limb
- Lower Limb
Define Superior
Toward the head, or the upper part of a structure. (up)
Define Inferior
Away from the head, or the lower part of a structure. (down)
Define Anterior
Nearer to the front of the body. (ventral) (Front Belly)
Define Posterior
Nearer to the back of the body. (dorsal) (Back)
Define Medial
Nearer to the midline (middle)
Define Lateral
Farther from the midline.
Define Intermediate
Between two structures.
Define Distal
Farther from the attachment of a limb to the care.
Define Superficial (external)
Toward the surface of the body
Define Deep (internal)
Away from the surface of the body
What are Planes?
imaginary flat surfaces that are used to divide the body.
What are the types of planes?
Frontal (coronal) plane- Looking at a person from the front.
Transverse (axial) plane- Looking mid-down
Median plane- passes through the midline.
Paramedian plane- does not pass through midline.
Oblique plane- not 90 degrees.
What are the body cavities?
Cranial cavity
Vertebral canal
Thoracic cavity
- Pleural cavity
- Pericardial cavity
- Mediastinum
Abdominopelvic cavity
- Abdominal cavity
-Pelvic cavity
Which cavity contains the urinary system?
Pelvic cavity- contains the urinary bladder portions of the large intestine and internal organs of reproduction.
What is a Serous Membrane?
thin double-layered membranes that cover organs inside the thoracic and abdominal cavities.
Visceral layer- inner
Parietal layer- outer
What is the purpose of serous membranes?
Reduce friction. Between the layers contains a small amount of serous fluid.
What serous membranes cover the lungs, the heart, and the abdominal organs?
Pleura- covers the lungs
Pericardium- Covers the heart
Peritoneum- covers abdominal organs.
Retroperitoneal- classification of organs that are posterior to the peritoneum.
What are the regions of the abdominal cavity?
- Right hypochondriac region
- Left hypochondriac region
- Epigastric region
- Right lateral region
- Left lateral region
- Umbilical region
- Right inguinal region
- Left inguinal region
- Hypogastric region
What are the quadrants of the abdominal cavity?
- Right upper quadrant
- Left upper quadrant
- Right lower quadrant
- Left lower quadrant
What are some noninvasive diagnostic techniques that health care professionals use?
Inspection- Physically observe(Visual)
Palpation- Using touch
Auscultation- To listen
Percussion- Tap physically to hear a sound/echo.
What type of medical imaging is needed for a bone densitometry scan and mammography?
A Radiography is the best option.
What must be taken in order to image an angiography, intravenous urography, and barium contrast x-ray?
Contrast medium makes hollow or fluid-filled structures visible. Introduced by injection, orally, or rectally.
What is an MRI used for? Is it safe?
MRI is a 2-3D image that is used to detect tumors and artery-clogging fatty plaques; reveal brain abnormalities; measure blood flow; and detect a variety of musculoskeletal, liver, and kidney disorders. It is relatively safe but cannot be used on patients with metal in their bodies. (High power magnet)
What is a CT scan, and what is it used for?
A CT scan is multiple angles of X-ray beams in an arc that project a transverse section of the body via a video monitor.
It typically benefits in screening for lung cancers, coronary artery disease, and kidney cancers.
What is the best medical imaging procedure for pregnant women?
Ultrasound screening- High-frequency sound waves. The image shown on a video monitor is called a sonogram. It is safe and visualizes the fetus during pregnancy.
What is a Coronary (Cardiac) computed tomography angiography (CCTA)? What is it used for?
A CCTA is a 3D image of the heart that injects an iodine-containing contrast medium into the vein and and beta blocker is given to decrease heart rate.
It is used to determine if there are any coronary artery blockages.
What is a Positron emission tomography(PET scan)? What is it used for?
A PET scan uses an injection of a substance that emits positrons. Which produce gamma rays that are detected by gamma cameras which ultimately produce an image with colour. It shows where the substance is being used in the body via cold/hot colors.
It is used to study the physiology of body structures, such as metabolism in the brain or heart.
What is an Endoscopy and what is it used for?
Endoscopy is a visual examination of the inside of body organs/cavities by a lens called an endoscope.
It is used for colonoscopy, laparoscopy, and arthroscopy.
What is a Radionuclide Scanning? What is it used for?
Radionuclide scanning is when a radionuclide is introduced intravenously to the body and carried by the blood to the tissue to be imaged. Emits gamma rays which produce a picture with color on a video monitor.
SPECT is a form of radionuclide scanning that is useful for studying the brain, heart, lungs, and liver.
This imaging is used to study the activities of tissue or organs, such as searching for tumors in body tissue.
