Chapter 6 Flashcards
what are the two major types of non associative learning
habituation, sensitization
what is habituation
getting used to something - constant noise that you dont notice after a while
what is sensitization
when our behavioural response to a stimulus increases
what are the two types of associative learning
classical conditioning and operant conditioning
what is classical conditioning
learning that a stimulus in an environment predicts a different stimulus
what is an example of classical conditioning
pavlov and his dog
continuous events
one occurring after the other
contingency
one thing happens and something else happens, you have to do the first thing before the second thing will happen
stimulus generalization
when an association has been learned, but now something similar to the metronome sound also signals food
what is stimulus discrimination
opposite of stimulus generalization - wheee animals stop responding to the stimulus if it is not exactly what they learned to make the response to.
how is operant conditioning different from classical conditioning
you are not required to signal anything for operant learning
what is happening in operant conditioning
the animal has to do something to get something done. they can be rewarded or punished for performing a specific behaviour
what does operant conditioning change
the frequency of the behaviour
who is associated with operant conditioning
BF skinner
what is needed for positive reinforcement
add pleasant stimulus to increase/maintain behaviour
wgat is needed for positive punishment
add averse stimulus to decrease behaviour
what is needed for negative reinforcement
remove averse stimulus to increase/maintain behaviour
what is needed for negative punishment
remove pleasant stimulus to decrease behaviour
what is continuous reinforcement
reinforce a behaviour each time it occurs
partial reinforcement
intermittent reinforcement of behaviour
what is a ratio schedule
based on the number of times the behaviour occurs
what is an interval schedule
based on a specific unit of time
what is fixed interval schedule
when reinforcement is provided after a certain amount of time has passed,
what is a variable interval schedule
when reinforcement is provided after a passage of time, but the time is not regular. like pop quizzes to make students be more prepared
what is a fixed ratio schedule
when reinforcement is provided after a certain number of responses have been made. like punch cards buy 10 get one free.
what is a variable ratio schedule
when reinforcement is provided after an unpredictable amount of responses. like at a casino.
what is shaping
reinforce partial behaviours until only the full desired response achieves the reinforcer. then you move to reinforce them only when they do it perfectly
what is chaining
where you reward each successive step, the opportunity to perform the next behaviour in the sequence becomes the reinforcer
how does WHO define drug addiction
syndrome in which the use of a drug is given a higher priority than other behaviours that once had a higher value
what did terry robinson and ken berridge say about addiction
it is not caused by the withdrawal effects but by the sensitization to the drug
what is the appetitive phase
the searching process that precedes consummatory behaviour and shows there is a desire
what is the consummatory phase
a performance phase, it is the difference between being hungry and thirsty, but if you tried to eat a bottle of water that wouldnt work. the behaviour is specific to the goal.
what is wanting
the subjective experience of needing or desiring something, not about LIKING, has to do with neurons that have dopamine as their neurotransmitter
what does dopamine signal
WANTING, desire.
what is affective states
happiness, positive, people feeling good
is D-amphetamine an agonist or antagonist
direct and indirect DOPAMINE agonist
how does amphetamine work
flood of dopamine coming out of pre-synaptic gap. and blocks reuptake of dopamine. dopamine in synapse increases a whole bunch
what are chronic drugs
take it every four hours for however many days. will cause adaptation. fundamental non-associative learning
intermittent administration of drugs
drives sensitization, higher effect of the drug
how is everyone not addicted to drugs
we associate drugs with the context in which we took them. the environment, people, objects, time that we took them.
what are two ateas of the limbic system
anterior cingulate cortex, amygdala
what causes relapse?
if they are shown the context in which they used to use, taking the drug again even just once, and stress.
what are 3 types of learning -
nonassociative, associative, social
what is non associative learning
learning after repeated exposure to a single stimulus or event
what is associative learning
coming to understand through personal experiences how stimuli or events are related
in terms of Pavlov, what is an unconditioned response?
an unlearned response that occurs without training and is an automatic behaviour
what is an unconditioned stimulus PAVLOV
The food, without any training, the unconditioned stimulus produces the unconditioned response
what is conditioned stimulus PAVLOV
after learning, the clicking of the metronome serves as a signal that food will happen soon
what is a conditioned response PAVLOV
the increased salivation after the metronome (conditioned stimulus) is peesented
what is acquisition
the formation of an association between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus
what is extinction PAVLOV
When the conditioned stimulus stops meaning the food will come and the animal unlearns the conditioned response to the conditioned stimulus
what is spontaneous recovery
when the conditioned stimulus hasn’t been used in a while and the animal kinda gets a little excited that food will come even though the CS hasnt meant food for a long time
what is the rescorla-Wagner Model
an animals learns to expect some predictors are better than others, and prediction error can occur
why did BF skinner choose the word Operant conditioning
the idea that animals operate to express the idea that animals operate on their environments to produce effects
what experiment with cats did thorndike do
puzzle boxes, law of effect
what is the law of effect
any behaviour that leads to a satisfying state of affairs is likely to occurr again, any behaviour that leads to an annoying state of affairs is less likely to occur again
what is a reinforcer
a stimulus that occurs after a response and increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated
wgat is the key difference between classical and operant conditioning
in operant conditioning the animal must perform an action that can be reinforced
what are primary reinforcers
reinforcers that are necessary for survival, such as food or water
what are secondary reinforcers
stimuli that are reinforcers but do not satisfy biological needs
what did Premack theorize about reinforcers
how a reinforcers value could be determined - how much time will a person willingly engage with the reinforcer
what is the Premack principle
a more valued activity can be used to reinforce the performance of a less valued activity. “Finish your homework and then you can go out”
temporal discounting
when the value of a reward diminishes over time
what is equipotentiality
any object or phenomenon could be converted to a conditioned stimulus when associated with any unconditioned stimulus. any behaviour can be learned as long as it is reinforced.
what is conditioned taste aversion
when someone has a bad experience/ food poisoning and avoids that food now
