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Psychology A > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the two major types of non associative learning

A

habituation, sensitization

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2
Q

what is habituation

A

getting used to something - constant noise that you dont notice after a while

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3
Q

what is sensitization

A

when our behavioural response to a stimulus increases

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4
Q

what are the two types of associative learning

A

classical conditioning and operant conditioning

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5
Q

what is classical conditioning

A

learning that a stimulus in an environment predicts a different stimulus

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6
Q

what is an example of classical conditioning

A

pavlov and his dog

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7
Q

continuous events

A

one occurring after the other

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8
Q

contingency

A

one thing happens and something else happens, you have to do the first thing before the second thing will happen

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9
Q

stimulus generalization

A

when an association has been learned, but now something similar to the metronome sound also signals food

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10
Q

what is stimulus discrimination

A

opposite of stimulus generalization - wheee animals stop responding to the stimulus if it is not exactly what they learned to make the response to.

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11
Q

how is operant conditioning different from classical conditioning

A

you are not required to signal anything for operant learning

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12
Q

what is happening in operant conditioning

A

the animal has to do something to get something done. they can be rewarded or punished for performing a specific behaviour

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13
Q

what does operant conditioning change

A

the frequency of the behaviour

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14
Q

who is associated with operant conditioning

A

BF skinner

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15
Q

what is needed for positive reinforcement

A

add pleasant stimulus to increase/maintain behaviour

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16
Q

wgat is needed for positive punishment

A

add averse stimulus to decrease behaviour

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17
Q

what is needed for negative reinforcement

A

remove averse stimulus to increase/maintain behaviour

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18
Q

what is needed for negative punishment

A

remove pleasant stimulus to decrease behaviour

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19
Q

what is continuous reinforcement

A

reinforce a behaviour each time it occurs

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20
Q

partial reinforcement

A

intermittent reinforcement of behaviour

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21
Q

what is a ratio schedule

A

based on the number of times the behaviour occurs

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22
Q

what is an interval schedule

A

based on a specific unit of time

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23
Q

what is fixed interval schedule

A

when reinforcement is provided after a certain amount of time has passed,

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24
Q

what is a variable interval schedule

A

when reinforcement is provided after a passage of time, but the time is not regular. like pop quizzes to make students be more prepared

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25
Q

what is a fixed ratio schedule

A

when reinforcement is provided after a certain number of responses have been made. like punch cards buy 10 get one free.

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26
Q

what is a variable ratio schedule

A

when reinforcement is provided after an unpredictable amount of responses. like at a casino.

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27
Q

what is shaping

A

reinforce partial behaviours until only the full desired response achieves the reinforcer. then you move to reinforce them only when they do it perfectly

28
Q

what is chaining

A

where you reward each successive step, the opportunity to perform the next behaviour in the sequence becomes the reinforcer

29
Q

how does WHO define drug addiction

A

syndrome in which the use of a drug is given a higher priority than other behaviours that once had a higher value

30
Q

what did terry robinson and ken berridge say about addiction

A

it is not caused by the withdrawal effects but by the sensitization to the drug

31
Q

what is the appetitive phase

A

the searching process that precedes consummatory behaviour and shows there is a desire

32
Q

what is the consummatory phase

A

a performance phase, it is the difference between being hungry and thirsty, but if you tried to eat a bottle of water that wouldnt work. the behaviour is specific to the goal.

33
Q

what is wanting

A

the subjective experience of needing or desiring something, not about LIKING, has to do with neurons that have dopamine as their neurotransmitter

34
Q

what does dopamine signal

A

WANTING, desire.

35
Q

what is affective states

A

happiness, positive, people feeling good

36
Q

is D-amphetamine an agonist or antagonist

A

direct and indirect DOPAMINE agonist

37
Q

how does amphetamine work

A

flood of dopamine coming out of pre-synaptic gap. and blocks reuptake of dopamine. dopamine in synapse increases a whole bunch

38
Q

what are chronic drugs

A

take it every four hours for however many days. will cause adaptation. fundamental non-associative learning

39
Q

intermittent administration of drugs

A

drives sensitization, higher effect of the drug

40
Q

how is everyone not addicted to drugs

A

we associate drugs with the context in which we took them. the environment, people, objects, time that we took them.

41
Q

what are two ateas of the limbic system

A

anterior cingulate cortex, amygdala

42
Q

what causes relapse?

A

if they are shown the context in which they used to use, taking the drug again even just once, and stress.

43
Q

what are 3 types of learning -

A

nonassociative, associative, social

44
Q

what is non associative learning

A

learning after repeated exposure to a single stimulus or event

45
Q

what is associative learning

A

coming to understand through personal experiences how stimuli or events are related

46
Q

in terms of Pavlov, what is an unconditioned response?

A

an unlearned response that occurs without training and is an automatic behaviour

47
Q

what is an unconditioned stimulus PAVLOV

A

The food, without any training, the unconditioned stimulus produces the unconditioned response

48
Q

what is conditioned stimulus PAVLOV

A

after learning, the clicking of the metronome serves as a signal that food will happen soon

49
Q

what is a conditioned response PAVLOV

A

the increased salivation after the metronome (conditioned stimulus) is peesented

50
Q

what is acquisition

A

the formation of an association between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

51
Q

what is extinction PAVLOV

A

When the conditioned stimulus stops meaning the food will come and the animal unlearns the conditioned response to the conditioned stimulus

52
Q

what is spontaneous recovery

A

when the conditioned stimulus hasn’t been used in a while and the animal kinda gets a little excited that food will come even though the CS hasnt meant food for a long time

53
Q

what is the rescorla-Wagner Model

A

an animals learns to expect some predictors are better than others, and prediction error can occur

54
Q

why did BF skinner choose the word Operant conditioning

A

the idea that animals operate to express the idea that animals operate on their environments to produce effects

55
Q

what experiment with cats did thorndike do

A

puzzle boxes, law of effect

56
Q

what is the law of effect

A

any behaviour that leads to a satisfying state of affairs is likely to occurr again, any behaviour that leads to an annoying state of affairs is less likely to occur again

57
Q

what is a reinforcer

A

a stimulus that occurs after a response and increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated

58
Q

wgat is the key difference between classical and operant conditioning

A

in operant conditioning the animal must perform an action that can be reinforced

59
Q

what are primary reinforcers

A

reinforcers that are necessary for survival, such as food or water

60
Q

what are secondary reinforcers

A

stimuli that are reinforcers but do not satisfy biological needs

61
Q

what did Premack theorize about reinforcers

A

how a reinforcers value could be determined - how much time will a person willingly engage with the reinforcer

62
Q

what is the Premack principle

A

a more valued activity can be used to reinforce the performance of a less valued activity. “Finish your homework and then you can go out”

63
Q

temporal discounting

A

when the value of a reward diminishes over time

64
Q

what is equipotentiality

A

any object or phenomenon could be converted to a conditioned stimulus when associated with any unconditioned stimulus. any behaviour can be learned as long as it is reinforced.

65
Q

what is conditioned taste aversion

A

when someone has a bad experience/ food poisoning and avoids that food now

Psychology A (6 decks)

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