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Psychology A > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is qualia

A

subjective experiences of sensation. qualitative experiences of your conscious state

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2
Q

what is change blindness

A

when we are blind to large changes in our environment because we cannot attend to everything in the vast array of information possible.

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3
Q

what is blindsight?

A

in blind people it is a phenomenon where they cannot see a stimulus, if you shine a light at them they wont see it, but they will be able to point to where it came from

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4
Q

what is asomatognosia

A

“no body knowledge” the patient cannot recognize certain parts of their body as their own.

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5
Q

can you have perception without sensation? what are two examples of this

A

yes. phantom limb and schizophrenia (hallucinations) are both examples of this.

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6
Q

what is a coma

A

a persistent vegetative state. this happens when a person can maintain their vital functions but they have no consciousness.

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7
Q

what is brain death

A

when the body can be kept alive by artificial means. but their brain has seized function - your cortex are not sending any signals to keep you alive

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8
Q

what is sleep

A

a change in the level of consciousness

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9
Q

how many stages of sleep are there

A

4, not including REM

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10
Q

describe signs of stage 1 sleep

A

theta waves begin to show on an EEG, and you can easily be woken up.

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11
Q

describe stage 2 of sleep

A

sleep spindles and K complexes begin to appear on the EEG. may respond to some events if there is a loud sound or lots of movement.

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12
Q

what is stage 3 sleep.

A

frequency of waves goes down, much higher amplitude. difficult to arouse. delta wave activity, called slow wave sleep

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13
Q

what is stage 4 sleep

A

continuation of stage 3 sleep, basically cannot wake them. delta wave activity, called slow wave sleep.

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14
Q

what is rem sleep

A

when you rise through the levels of sleep, your brain paralyzes your muscles and your brain is basically awake - hence, dreaming. the EEG jumps back to low amplitude high frequency. increased heart rate, twitching hand, face, eyes.

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15
Q

what is the repair and restoration theory about sleep?

A

at night, GH is released and growth happens at night while your body and brain get to rest.

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16
Q

what is the consolidation of memories theory of sleep

A

memory requires a physical change to the wiring in your brain - this requires a lot of energy and basically debugging of your brain. this is done during sleep

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17
Q

what is the safety/adaptive behaviour theory of sleep?

A

different animals sleep for different amounts of time depending on predator prey relationships and behaviour rhythms. we sleep at night cause night is dangerous.

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18
Q

what is threat rehearsal theory of sleep and who proposed it

A

Revonso, we have dreams to prepare for real life situations.

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19
Q

what parts of the brain are active while dreaming

A

brain stem (reticular activating system), various lobes of cerebral cortex, visual association areas, motor cortex, prefrontal cortex, amygdala

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20
Q

what is the “master timekeeper” of our brain called

A

the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus

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21
Q

what is endogenous attention

A

directing your own attention voluntarily

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22
Q

what is exogenous attention

A

when the focus of your attention is driven by a stimulus or event

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23
Q

what is priming

A

when the response to a stimulus is influenced or facilitated by recent experience with that stimulus or a related stimulus.

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24
Q

what is subliminal perception

A

when stimuli are processed by sensory systems, but because of their short durations or subtlety they do not reach consciousness

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25
Q

what is automatic processing

A

when a task is so well learned we can do it without any attention really

26
Q

what is controlled processing

A

slower than automatic processing, where you pay closer attention to the task at hand to ensure you are doing it right

27
Q

what is concentrative meditation

A

focusing on one thing, such as a breathing pattern, phrase, or mental image.

28
Q

what is mindfulness meditation

A

letting your thoughts flow freely. paying attention but not reacting to them.

29
Q

does meditation change the structure of the brain?

A

one study found that gray matter in the brain did not diminish in older adults who practiced meditation. however this is correlation, not causation

30
Q

what is flow

A

a kind of experience that is so engrossing and enjoyable that it is worth doing for its own sake even though ut may have no consequence outside itself. the activity is completely absorbing and satisfying it seems to happen automatically

31
Q

what is hypnosis

A

where a person responding to suggestions, experiences changes in memory, perception, and voluntary action.

32
Q

what is a post-hypnotic suggestion

A

where a hypnotist will suggest the participant do something and also suggest that they do not remember the suggestion

33
Q

what is the circadian rhythm

A

daily rhythm of our bodies hormone sleep/wake cycles

34
Q

what are beta waves

A

short, frequent, irregular brain signals that fire when people have many sources of sensory activity

35
Q

what are alpha waves

A

the waves that are produced when a person closes their eyes and relaxes. their brain activity slows and becomes more regular.

36
Q

why is it called REM sleep?

A

rapid eye movement - there is a sleeping body and an active brain.

37
Q

what is TBI - traumatic brain injury

A

impairment in mental functioning. caused by blow to head or sharp movement

38
Q

what is a minimally conscious state

A

when people who emerge from coma are able to make deliberate movements

39
Q

what is walefullness syndrome

A

where a patient has emerged from a coma but does not respond to external stimuli for more than a month

40
Q

what do psychoactive drugs cause

A

changes in mood. awareness, thoughts, feelings, or behaviour - change the brains neurochemistry by activating neurotransmitter systems

41
Q

what do stimulants do

A

increase behavioural and mental activity - stimulate the activity of the CNS and anf activate the Sympathetic NS (increase heart rate and blood pressure)

42
Q

what are potent stimulant examples

A

amphetamines (methamphetamine) and cocaine

43
Q

what are mild stimulant examples

A

caffeine and nicotine

44
Q

what do depressants do

A

decrease behavioural and mental activity

45
Q

what are examples of depressants

A

anti anxiety drugs, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, alcohol

46
Q

what do opioids do

A

reduce the experience of pain, bring pleasure

47
Q

what are examples of opioids

A

heroin, morphine, codeine

48
Q

what di hallucinogens/psychadelics do?

A

alter thoughts or perceptions

49
Q

whatare examples of hallucinogens/psychadelics

A

LSD, PCP, Peyote, psilcybin, magic mushrooms

50
Q

what are examples of combinations drugs

A

mdma and marijuana

51
Q

how do stimulants work

A

interfering with the normal reuptake of dopamine. allowing it to remain in the synapse snd have prolonged effects.

52
Q

why are opioids addictive? (dual physical effects)

A

increase pleasure by binding with opioid receptors and increase wanting of the drug by activating dopamine receptors.

53
Q

what is different about marijuana as compared to other drugs

A

it is a combination drug: stimulant, depressant, and hallucinogen

54
Q

what is the psychoactive ingredient in marijuana

A

THC

55
Q

how is MDMA different as compared to other drugs

A

also combination: stimulant and hallucinogen.

56
Q

what is MDMA associated with

A

less dopamine activity, more seratonin.

57
Q

what kind of drug is alcohol and how does it worl

A

a depressant - inhibits neural activity by activating GABA receptors

58
Q

what is the LD50

A

lethal dose 50, the amount of drugs that you give to people that results in half of them dying.

59
Q

what are psychostimulants

A

increase activity of nervous system, increase overall activity especially motor activity. they are AGONISTS for various transmitters.

60
Q

what are general stimulants

A

caffeine and nicotine, caffeine is an ANTAGONIST, blocks the calming down of the NS to stop drowsiness.

61
Q

are opioids antagonists or agonists? and on what system

A

they are antagonists for the endogenous opioid systems

62
Q

is cannabis an agonist or antagonist, on what system?

A

agonist for endogenous cannabinoid system.

Psychology A (6 decks)

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