Chapter 4 Flashcards
what is qualia
subjective experiences of sensation. qualitative experiences of your conscious state
what is change blindness
when we are blind to large changes in our environment because we cannot attend to everything in the vast array of information possible.
what is blindsight?
in blind people it is a phenomenon where they cannot see a stimulus, if you shine a light at them they wont see it, but they will be able to point to where it came from
what is asomatognosia
“no body knowledge” the patient cannot recognize certain parts of their body as their own.
can you have perception without sensation? what are two examples of this
yes. phantom limb and schizophrenia (hallucinations) are both examples of this.
what is a coma
a persistent vegetative state. this happens when a person can maintain their vital functions but they have no consciousness.
what is brain death
when the body can be kept alive by artificial means. but their brain has seized function - your cortex are not sending any signals to keep you alive
what is sleep
a change in the level of consciousness
how many stages of sleep are there
4, not including REM
describe signs of stage 1 sleep
theta waves begin to show on an EEG, and you can easily be woken up.
describe stage 2 of sleep
sleep spindles and K complexes begin to appear on the EEG. may respond to some events if there is a loud sound or lots of movement.
what is stage 3 sleep.
frequency of waves goes down, much higher amplitude. difficult to arouse. delta wave activity, called slow wave sleep
what is stage 4 sleep
continuation of stage 3 sleep, basically cannot wake them. delta wave activity, called slow wave sleep.
what is rem sleep
when you rise through the levels of sleep, your brain paralyzes your muscles and your brain is basically awake - hence, dreaming. the EEG jumps back to low amplitude high frequency. increased heart rate, twitching hand, face, eyes.
what is the repair and restoration theory about sleep?
at night, GH is released and growth happens at night while your body and brain get to rest.
what is the consolidation of memories theory of sleep
memory requires a physical change to the wiring in your brain - this requires a lot of energy and basically debugging of your brain. this is done during sleep
what is the safety/adaptive behaviour theory of sleep?
different animals sleep for different amounts of time depending on predator prey relationships and behaviour rhythms. we sleep at night cause night is dangerous.
what is threat rehearsal theory of sleep and who proposed it
Revonso, we have dreams to prepare for real life situations.
what parts of the brain are active while dreaming
brain stem (reticular activating system), various lobes of cerebral cortex, visual association areas, motor cortex, prefrontal cortex, amygdala
what is the “master timekeeper” of our brain called
the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus
what is endogenous attention
directing your own attention voluntarily
what is exogenous attention
when the focus of your attention is driven by a stimulus or event
what is priming
when the response to a stimulus is influenced or facilitated by recent experience with that stimulus or a related stimulus.
what is subliminal perception
when stimuli are processed by sensory systems, but because of their short durations or subtlety they do not reach consciousness
what is automatic processing
when a task is so well learned we can do it without any attention really
what is controlled processing
slower than automatic processing, where you pay closer attention to the task at hand to ensure you are doing it right
what is concentrative meditation
focusing on one thing, such as a breathing pattern, phrase, or mental image.
what is mindfulness meditation
letting your thoughts flow freely. paying attention but not reacting to them.
does meditation change the structure of the brain?
one study found that gray matter in the brain did not diminish in older adults who practiced meditation. however this is correlation, not causation
what is flow
a kind of experience that is so engrossing and enjoyable that it is worth doing for its own sake even though ut may have no consequence outside itself. the activity is completely absorbing and satisfying it seems to happen automatically
what is hypnosis
where a person responding to suggestions, experiences changes in memory, perception, and voluntary action.
what is a post-hypnotic suggestion
where a hypnotist will suggest the participant do something and also suggest that they do not remember the suggestion
what is the circadian rhythm
daily rhythm of our bodies hormone sleep/wake cycles
what are beta waves
short, frequent, irregular brain signals that fire when people have many sources of sensory activity
what are alpha waves
the waves that are produced when a person closes their eyes and relaxes. their brain activity slows and becomes more regular.
why is it called REM sleep?
rapid eye movement - there is a sleeping body and an active brain.
what is TBI - traumatic brain injury
impairment in mental functioning. caused by blow to head or sharp movement
what is a minimally conscious state
when people who emerge from coma are able to make deliberate movements
what is walefullness syndrome
where a patient has emerged from a coma but does not respond to external stimuli for more than a month
what do psychoactive drugs cause
changes in mood. awareness, thoughts, feelings, or behaviour - change the brains neurochemistry by activating neurotransmitter systems
what do stimulants do
increase behavioural and mental activity - stimulate the activity of the CNS and anf activate the Sympathetic NS (increase heart rate and blood pressure)
what are potent stimulant examples
amphetamines (methamphetamine) and cocaine
what are mild stimulant examples
caffeine and nicotine
what do depressants do
decrease behavioural and mental activity
what are examples of depressants
anti anxiety drugs, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, alcohol
what do opioids do
reduce the experience of pain, bring pleasure
what are examples of opioids
heroin, morphine, codeine
what di hallucinogens/psychadelics do?
alter thoughts or perceptions
whatare examples of hallucinogens/psychadelics
LSD, PCP, Peyote, psilcybin, magic mushrooms
what are examples of combinations drugs
mdma and marijuana
how do stimulants work
interfering with the normal reuptake of dopamine. allowing it to remain in the synapse snd have prolonged effects.
why are opioids addictive? (dual physical effects)
increase pleasure by binding with opioid receptors and increase wanting of the drug by activating dopamine receptors.
what is different about marijuana as compared to other drugs
it is a combination drug: stimulant, depressant, and hallucinogen
what is the psychoactive ingredient in marijuana
THC
how is MDMA different as compared to other drugs
also combination: stimulant and hallucinogen.
what is MDMA associated with
less dopamine activity, more seratonin.
what kind of drug is alcohol and how does it worl
a depressant - inhibits neural activity by activating GABA receptors
what is the LD50
lethal dose 50, the amount of drugs that you give to people that results in half of them dying.
what are psychostimulants
increase activity of nervous system, increase overall activity especially motor activity. they are AGONISTS for various transmitters.
what are general stimulants
caffeine and nicotine, caffeine is an ANTAGONIST, blocks the calming down of the NS to stop drowsiness.
are opioids antagonists or agonists? and on what system
they are antagonists for the endogenous opioid systems
is cannabis an agonist or antagonist, on what system?
agonist for endogenous cannabinoid system.
