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Psychology A > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three primary goals of science

A

description, prediction, explanation

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2
Q

what are the steps in the scientific method

A
  1. pose a specific, testable research question
  2. Do a lit review
  3. From hypothesis
  4. Design a study
  5. Conduct the study
  6. Analyze the data
  7. Report the results
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3
Q

why do we use the scientific method

A

we need an objective way to answer the questions we have about the mind

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4
Q

What is the dependant variable

A

that which is measured. it is the outcome that is measured after a manipulation occurs

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5
Q

what is an operational definition

A

to define something so that it can be measured

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6
Q

What is a true random sample

A

where you choose the group of people you want to study and pick from every place in the world that has those people. (taking a couple students from EVERY canadian uni if you’re studying canadian uni students)

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7
Q

what is a convenience sample

A

a sample taken at random from an immediately available group in the population

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8
Q

what are the three main research methods

A

descriptive, correlational, experimental

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9
Q

what are the three types of descriptive methods

A

observational studies, self reports, and case studies

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10
Q

what is an observational study

A

where you study by observing a behaviour that is occurring. for example studying the behaviours of children.

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11
Q

what is the self report method and why arent they used that much

A

asking a person for their experience and they tell you

often not used because people lie

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12
Q

what is a case study

A

used for things that are very rare (diseases, certain events). you take the very small amount of people experiencing this phenomenon or disorder and you study them specifically

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13
Q

Why are descriptive methods useful

A

you can describe the problem or behaviour that is occuring. BUT you cannot provide any explanation for the cause of the behaviour

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14
Q

what is naturalistic observation

A

Observing people behaving in a specific environment where they are not being told to do anything

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15
Q

what is structured observation

A

where a structured study of a behaviour is occurring.

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16
Q

what is correlational research

A

a type of research where there is no manipulation of variables, and you measure the direction and strength of a relationship between two things

17
Q

what is the third variable problem

A

an issue that presents itself with correlational research. Since there is no manipulation of variables, and we are only seeing if there is a relationship between two things, there is always a chance there is a third variable that accounts for findings of the data you collected.

18
Q

what is Experimental research

A

research that CAN explain behaviour because you can actively manipulate a situation to control and manipulate a variable

19
Q

what is the independent variable

A

stands for differences between the groups (control group and manipulated group)

20
Q

what is longitudinal research

A

where the same person is measured repeatedly over long timespans

this is expensive and difficult to make people keep coming back

21
Q

cross sectional design

A

a cross sectional design is where there are people of different ages and groups all measured at the same time

22
Q

what is the issue with cross sectional designs called and why is it an issue

A

called the cohort effect. how do you compare a 70 year old to an 18 year old, they were born in completely different worlds

23
Q

what is replication of a study/ when a study is replicable

A

involves repeating the study to make sure the results are the same/similar. a study is replicable when the results come out to be the same.

24
Q

what are some questionable research practices that decrease replicability?

A

Small sample sizes, HARKing (an after the fact prediction), P-hacking (where statistical tests are run over and over with diff variations until one of them yields a statistically significant result), and underreporting null effects.

25
Q

what is preregistration

A

where researchers lay out their hypotheses methods and analysis plan ahead of time on a time stamped website

26
Q

what is meta analysis

A

an analysis of multiple analyses - a study of studies that have already been conducted

27
Q

what is the directionality problem in correlational research

A

where there is a problem with knowing the direction of the relationship between variables. Does wealth cause happiness or does happiness lead to wealth

28
Q

what are the two levels of the independent variable

A

treatment and comparison level

29
Q

what is the treatment level of the independent variable

A

the experimental group

30
Q

what is the comparison level of the independent variable

A

yhe control group

31
Q

what is a confound

A

anything that affects a dependent variable that might unintentionally vary between the studies different experimental conditions.

32
Q

what is a random assignment

A

where each potential research participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any level of the independent variable

33
Q

what is the Belmont report

A

a guideline for all researchers using human participants

34
Q

what is construct validity

A

the extent to which variables measure what they are supposed to measure

35
Q

what is external validity

A

the degree to which the findings of a study can be generalized to other people, settings, or situations

36
Q

what is internal validity

A

the degree to which the effects observed in an experiment are due to the independent variable and not due to comfounds

37
Q

what is central tendency

A

behaviour of the group as a whole

38
Q

what are three measures of central tendency

A

mean, median, mode

39
Q

what is standard deviation

A

the most common variability in the data, how spread out the scores are on a test

Psychology A (6 decks)

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