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Psychology A > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is sensation

A

the detection of physical stimuli and transmission of that info to the brain

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2
Q

what are examples of physical stimuli

A

light or sound waves, molecules of food or odour, temp and pressure changes.

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3
Q

what is perception

A

where the brain processes and organizes and interprets sensory info.

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4
Q

what is bottom up processing

A

based on the physical features of the stimulus - its like gluing pieces of sand together to get the full sculpture and understand what you are seeing

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5
Q

what is top down processing

A

how knowledge, expectations, or past experiences shale the interpretation of sensory information. what we anticipate and expect to see influences what we actually perceive.

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6
Q

what is transduction

A

the translation of stimuli into patterns of neural impulses.

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7
Q

what are sensory receotors

A

they receive physical and chemical stimulation and then pass the resulting impulses to the brain in the form of neural impulses

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8
Q

where does all sensory info (except smell) go

A

thalamus, then cerebral cortex.

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9
Q

what are the stimuli, receptors, pathway to the brain for vision

A

lightwaves, rods and cones, optic nerve

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10
Q

what are the stimuli, receptors, pathway to the brain for hearing/audition

A

sound waves, hair cells in cochlea, auditory nerve

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11
Q

what are the stimuli, receptors, pathway to the brain for taste

A

molecules dissolved in fluid on tongue, taste bud cells, some facial glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves

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12
Q

what are the stimuli, receptors, pathway to the brain for smell

A

momecules dissolved in fluid in the mucous membrane, olfactory nerve

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13
Q

what are the stimuli, receptors, pathway to the brain for touch

A

pressure on skin, sensitive ends of touch neurons, cranial nerves for touch above neck - spinal nerves for all other touch pathways below neck

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14
Q

what is qualitative info about a stimulus

A

most basic qualities of a stimulus. we can detect this info because diff sensory receptors respond to qualitatively different stimuli

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15
Q

what is quantitative info about a stimulus

A

the degree/magnitude of those qualities. this is coded bu the rate of a particular neurons firing or the number of neurons firing.

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16
Q

what is the absolute threshold «just noticeable differenfe»

A

the level of intensity at which participants can correctly detect a stimulus on 50% of the trials in which it is presented. also called a “just noticeable difference”

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17
Q

what is Webers law

A

the just noticeable difference between two stimuli is based on a proportion of the original stimulus rather than a fixed amount of difference

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18
Q

what are internal vs external stimuli

A

internal - mood, emotion, memory, physical states

external - sound, temperature, visual clutter

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19
Q

what is signal detection theory

A

detecting a stimulus is not an objective process - it is a subjective decision with two components 1) sensitivity to stimulus in the presence of noise 2) criteria used to make the judgement from ambiguous info.

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20
Q

what are the four possible outcomes with signal detection

A

hit, miss, false alarm, correct rejection.

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21
Q

what is sensory adaptation

A

decrease in sensitivity to a constant level of stimulation

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22
Q

what are the two types of receptor cells on the retina

A

rods and cones.

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23
Q

wgat do rods respond do

A

bright vs darkness, white and black light

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24
Q

wgat do cones respond to

A

colours, three types of cones red, blue, green

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25
Q

where are cones tightly packed vs diffuse

A

tightly packed at the fovea, diffuse on the outside edge.

26
Q

where are rods concentrated vs diffuse

A

concentrated at retinas edge, and none are in the fovea

27
Q

how does light go through the eyeball

A

cornea, lens, pupil, retina,

28
Q

how do rods and cones work

A

decomposition of the photopigments alters the membrane potential of the photoreceptors and triggers action potentials in downstream neurons

29
Q

where does visual information go

A

visual area of the thalamus, travels to the primary visual cortex, and then the cortical areas in the occipital lobes at the back of the head

30
Q

what does the ventral stream do

A

projects from occipital lobe to temporal lobe, specialized for perception and recognition of objects (colours and shapes)

31
Q

what does the dorsal stream do

A

projects from occipital to parietal lobe. important for spatial perception. (WHERE)

32
Q

what is object agnosia

A

inability to recognize objects, when the what (ventral) stream is imapired

33
Q

what is the trichromatic colour theory

A

colour vision results from activity in three types of cones that are sensitive to diff wavelengths

34
Q

what is hue

A

consists of the distinctive characteristics that place a particular colour in the spectrum - a colours greeness or ornateness

35
Q

what is saturation

A

the purity of the colour

36
Q

what does Gestalt mean

A

shape and form

37
Q

what do gestalt psychologists think

A

theorized that perception is more than the result of a collection of sensory data. the whole is different than the sum of its parts

38
Q

what are Gestalt grouping laws (6)

A

proximity, similarity, good continuity, closure, illusory contours, common fate.

39
Q

why are faces special, who is responsible for face theory

A

faces are special as a class of objects because we have developed significant expertise in identifying the small variations in features that distinguish individual faces

40
Q

what are binocular depth cues

A

available from both eyes together present only when viewing the three dimensional world, provides internal cues of how far away something is

41
Q

what are monocular depth cues

A

available from each eye alone and provide organizational info that is used to infer depth.

42
Q

how is binocular disparity caused

A

the distance between humans two eyes

43
Q

what is stereoscopic vision

A

the ability to determine an objects depth based on that objects projections to each eye

44
Q

what is motion parallax

A

arises from relative speed with which objects move across the retina as a person moved

45
Q

high vs low amplitude and pitch

A

high amplitude - loud
low amplitude - soft
High frequency - high pitch
low frequency - low pitch

46
Q

how is wave frequency measured

A

hertz HZ

47
Q

how do sound waves travel through ear

A

arrive at ear, travel down auditory canal, eardrum, ossicle bones, oval window (cochlea), hair cells, auditory nerve, thalamus, primary auditory cortex

48
Q

what is the vestibular system, how does it work

A

helps us maintain balance, uses info from receptors in the semi-circular canals of the inner ear.

49
Q

what is temporal coding

A

used to encode low frequencies

50
Q

place coding

A

used to encode high frequency sounds

51
Q

how does taste move through the body

A

fluid stimulates taste buds, send signals to thalamus, routed to frontal lobe.

52
Q

what are the 5 basic qualities of taste

A

sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami

53
Q

how does smell pass through the nose into the brain?

A

we smell something when chemical particles (odourants) pass into the nose and into the nasal cavity’s upper and back portions. then odorants come into contact with the olfactory epithelium (thin layer of tissue with smell receptors), smell signals bypass the thalamus and go straight to the olfactory bulk then brain

54
Q

what are pheromones

A

chemicals released by animals that trigger physiological or behavioural reactions in other animals and insects.

55
Q

what is touch

A

a haptic sense, conveys sensations of temperature, pressure, and pain. perceived through the skin, our largest sense organ.

56
Q

what are endorphins

A

chemical signals that promote a sense of pleasure or well being

57
Q

what are the haptic receptors for temperature and pressure

A

sensory neuron’s that reach to the skins outer layer. the axons reach to the CNS by the spinal or cranial nerves.

58
Q

how does touch info get to the brain

A

touch info goes to thalamus, thalamus sends it to primary somatosensory cortex in parietal lobe, electrical stimulation of the primary somatosensory cortex evokes the sensation of touch in different regions of the body

59
Q

what are the two types of nerves identified for pain

A

fast fibres for sharp immediate pain (myelinated) , slow fibres for chronic dull and steady pain (nonmyelinated)

60
Q

how does fast vs slow pain help us

A

fast pain leads us to recoil from harmful objects and therefore is protective - slow pain keeps us from using the affected body parts and helps in recuperation

61
Q

gate control theory of pain

A

we experience pain when pain receptors are activated and a neural gates in the spinal cord allow the signal through to the brain.

Psychology A (6 decks)

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