Chapter 6

Question 1

Deviance

Answer 1

behabiour that strays from the norm, a category that changes with time, place and culture

Question 2

Overt

Answer 2

the actions or qualities taken
as explicitly violating the cultural
norm – e.g. public actions

Question 3

Covert

Answer 3

the unstated qualities that
might make a group a target for
sanctions – age, ethnicity, gender,
sexual orientation

Question 4

Strain theory

Answer 4

Focus on blocked social structure limiting opportunities between means and goals

Question 5

Subcultural theory

Answer 5

Focus on values and culture of crime

Question 6

Control Theory

Answer 6

Focus on loss of social bonds

Question 7

Labelling theory

Answer 7

Focus on internalization of labels and applis then to individuals and groups outside of mainstream. Become internalized by those cast as deviant by the majority group.

Question 8

Albert Cohen

Answer 8

challenged merton crime sayin people from lower class back grounds can become socialized into an oppositional subculture (Norms are inverted and negative sanctions become positive)

Question 9

Mertons 5 Types of Adaptation to strain

Answer 9

Confortmity, Innovation, Ritualism, Retreatism

Question 10

Criminal Deviance

Answer 10

Accept Goals but reject socially legitimate means, =strain=innovate (crime)

Question 11

Decent

Answer 11

buy into dominant societys values, respect propety, values, people, community

Question 12

Street

Answer 12

buy into the worst behaviours of ghetto street, criminal elemnt: little respect for dominant code (police). Gain respect though violence, street cred.

Question 13

Todd Hirschi asks why dont all members of groups become criminals?

Answer 13

Social bonds between individuals and society (social solidarity) eg, significant other, comminted to conventional goals, Involvement in conventional activites, and moral standards

Question 14

Social Constructionism

Answer 14

Elements of social life, including deviance, gender, race, etc are not natural but are established or created by society or culture.

Question 15

Essentialism

Answer 15

belief in something natural, true, universal, and therefore objectivly determined about these elements of social life eg. drug addiction

Question 16

Conflict deviance

Answer 16

sitiuation of disagreements among groups over whether or not something is deviant

Question 17

Goffman on stigma and deviance

Answer 17

When violating social norms it develops a Stigma. Stigma is a powerfully negative label that greatly changes a person’s self concept of social identity

Question 18

3 types of Stigmata

Answer 18

Bodily: Physical Deformities
Moral: blemishes of individual character
Tribal: transmitted through group association

Question 19

Moral Entrepreneur (Howard Becker)

Answer 19

group or individual that tries to convince others of the existence of a particular social problem, as defined by them

Question 20

The Other (otherness)

Answer 20

The way the dominant group describes another group as being different and in some way inferior

Question 21

Critical Theories

Answer 21

Structures of power determine which behaviours are characteristics are defined and treated as deviant;
Holding power enables groups to define their own behaviour as ‘normal’

Question 22

Jeremy Bentham

Answer 22

conceptual drawings of the panopticon

Question 23

Foucault

Answer 23

Bars, chains, and heavy locks, are no longer necessary for domination

Question 24

Internalization of social control

Answer 24

self-surveillance: monitoring your own behaviours in order to prevent being considered deviant.

Question 25

Patriarchal society

Answer 25

male dominated society, concept of male is normal and female seen as inherently deviant

Question 26

White collar crime

Answer 26

Research focuses predominately on the poor and the crimes they committed, not the powerful, Edwin Sutherland

Question 27

Occupational Crime

Answer 27

benefit the individual at the expense of other individuals who work for the company, eg sexual harrassment

Question 28

self surveillance

Answer 28

monitoring our own behaviours in order to prevent being considered deviant

Question 29

Patriarchal construct

Answer 29

social conditions that favour boys/men over girls/woman

Question 30

Bechdel Test

Answer 30

3 Requirements
- 2 women in a film
- speak to eachother
- about something other than a male