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PS101 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

what is consciousness?

A

the moment-to-moment awareness of ourselves and our environment

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2
Q

what 2 brain areas are important for consciousness?

A

1.) thalamus - relays sensory information to the cerebral cortex
2.) cerebral Cortex - responsible for being aware of one’s attention

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3
Q

what are the 3 levels of consciousness?

A

1.) consciousness - mental events were currently aware of
2.) preconsciousness - outside of our current awareness and easily accessed
3.) unconsciousness - information that isn’t easily accessed by consciousness, no awareness

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4
Q

what is Freud’s view of the unconscious?

A
  • contains thoughts and memories that are too painful for consciousness
  • contents may seep into consciousness by accident
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5
Q

what is the cognitive view of the unconscious?

A
  • explicit vs implicit memories
  • controlled vs automatic processing
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6
Q

explicit vs implicit memories

A

explicit = memory you’re aware of (extended great effort)
implicit = knowledge we’re not typically aware of

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7
Q

controlled vs automatic processing

A

controlled = takes mental energy to do
automatic = requires no consciousness, do it without thinking

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8
Q

why do we sleep?

A

adaptive theory - says that organisms sleep for self preservation and to stay safe from predators

restorative theory - says that sleep restores our brains and bodies

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9
Q

what is the circadian rhythm?

A

a daily, rhythmic biological cycle
→ controlled by the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus
→ influence whether we are a morning or a night person
→ disruptions = changes in season, shift work, jet lag

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10
Q

what are the stages of sleep?

A

1,2,3,4, REM

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11
Q

what are alpha waves?

A

occur when relaxed and drowsy (8-12cps)

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12
Q

what are beta waves?

A

occur when awake and alert (12-24 cps)

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13
Q

stage 1 of sleep

A
  • light sleep
  • theta waves
  • lasts few minutes and may experience “body jerks”
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14
Q

stage 2 of sleep

A
  • sleep deepens, muscles more relaxed, harder to awaken
  • sleep spindles (1-2 seconds of rapid brain activity)
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15
Q

stage 3 of sleep

A
  • sleep deepens
  • regular appearance of delta waves (<4cps)
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16
Q

stage 4 of sleep

A
  • sleep deepens
  • delta waves dominate pattern
  • stage 4 + 3 = “slow wave sleep”
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17
Q

REM sleep

A
  • frequent dreaming (more vivid, detailed)
  • heart rate increases, breathing rapid and irregular
  • brain wave activity increases
  • most dreams occur during REM sleep (vivid, story like)
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18
Q

why is REM sleep important?

A

mental functioning, and learning/memory consolidation

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19
Q

how does the sleep cycle work?

A

after stage 4 period, sleeper goes back through earlier stages backwards (Stage 4, 3, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, REM)

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20
Q

what does the information-processing theory say about dreaming?

A

says dreams involve processing information from the day

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21
Q

what does the activation-synthesis model say about dreaming?

A

says dreams reflect the brains attempt to make sense of random brain activity

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22
Q

what does the freudian dream theory say about dreaming?

A

says dreams reflect unconscious wishes and desires; royal road to unconscious

2 types of content in a dream:
- manifest content = surface story of a dream
- latent content = disguised psychological meaning of a dream

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23
Q

what do we dream about?

A
  • negative or unpleasant content is common
  • content is affected by cultural background, life experiences, current concerns
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24
Q

what are the types of dreams?

A

nightmares = dreams filled with intense anxiety, and dreamer feels like it’s really happening
lucid dreams =reams in which people fully recognize that they’re dreaming
daydreams = fantasies that occur while one is awake and aware of external events, yet not fully conscious

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25
Q

how does chronic sleep deprivation affect someone?

A
  • general depressed state
  • lower immune system
  • lower ability to concentrate
  • higher incidence of accidents
  • lower productivity and higher likelihood of making mistakes
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26
Q

what are the different sleep disorders?

A

insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, sleepwalking, nightmare disorders, night terrors

27
Q

what is insomnia?

A
  • chronic difficulty in falling asleep, staying asleep or experiencing restful sleep
  • most common sleep disorder (10-40% of the population)
  • has biological, psychological and environmental causes
28
Q

what is narcolepsy?

A
  • extreme daytime sleepiness and sudden, uncontrollable sleep attacks, cataplexy
  • cause is unknown (genetic?)
29
Q

what is sleep apnea?

A
  • Repeated cycle in which breathing stops and restarting during sleep (lasts 20 to 40 seconds up to a minute or two)
  • usually due to obstruction of upper airway
30
Q

what is sleepwalking?

A
  • typically occurs during stage 3 or 4
  • causes = Heredity, stress, alcohol, illness, medications
31
Q

what is nightmare disorders?

A
  • experience frequent nightmares
  • nightmares are more common when stressed and in childhood
32
Q

what are night terrors?

A
  • frightening dreams that arouse sleep to near panic state
  • sleeper may flee room yet not remember event in the morning
  • typically occurs during stage 3 and 4
33
Q

what is hypnosis?

A

a state of heightened suggestibility in which some people are able to experience imagined situations as if they were real

34
Q

what is hypnotic induction?

A

process by which a hypnotist leads a person into hypnosis

35
Q

what is the hypnotic susceptibility scales?

A

a series of pass/fail suggestions read after a hypnotic induction

36
Q

what is a posthypnotic response?

A

a behaviour that was suggested while the person was hypnotized, but doesn’t appear until later when a specific signal appears

37
Q

what is posthypnotic amnesia?

A

when the person who was hypnotized doesn’t remember anything from the hypnosis session

38
Q

what is hypnotic hallucinations?

A

positive hallucinations = when a person is made to perceive something that isn’t really there
negative hallucinations = when a person it made to not perceive something that is really there

39
Q

what is the divided conscious theory?

A

hypnosis splits awareness into 2 parts: one part responds to the hypnotist’s suggestion while the other part continues to process things at the conscious level

40
Q

what is the social/cognitive process theory?

A

participant is highly motivated to believe in hypnosis, and without awareness, works hard to ignore the pain

41
Q

what is a psychoactive drug?

A

any substance that alters mood, perception, awareness or thought

42
Q

what is drug tolerance?

A
  • decrease in reactivity to drug (need larger doses to feel same affect)
  • body attempts to regain homeostasis
43
Q

what is a compensatory response?

A
  • physiological reactions opposite to that of drug
  • brain is adjusting to body imbalances
44
Q

what is withdrawal?

A

compensatory responses after drug use is discontinued

45
Q

environment influence on psychoactive drugs

A

the environment can be associated with a drug and trigger compensatory responses

46
Q

what are the 3 main categories of psychoactive drugs?

A

depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens

47
Q

what is reward deficiency syndrome?

A

people might abuse drugs because their reward center isn’t readily activated by usual life events

48
Q

how do depressants work?

A

decrease nervous system activity

moderate doses = reduce feelings of anxiety, produce euphoria
high doses = slow vital life processes, can be fatal

49
Q

types of depressants

A

alcohol, sedative-hypnotics (benzodiazepines), opiods

50
Q

how does alcohol affect the brain?

A
  • nervous system depressant
  • increase activity of GABA, decrease activity of glutamate = high then down phase
51
Q

how does sedative-hypnotics (benzodiazepines) affect the brain?

A
  • influence neurons that produce GABA
  • produces relaxation and drowsiness, reduces anxiety
52
Q

examples of benzodiazepines

A

ativan, xanax, valium

53
Q

how do opioids affect the brain?

A
  • activates the opioid receptors in the brain, providing an analgesic affect and a related high
  • reduces pain and emotional tension, increases pleasurable and calming feeling
54
Q

examples of opioids

A

opium, heroin, morphine, codeine, methadone

55
Q

types of stimulants

A

amphetamines, cocaine, caffeine, nicotine

56
Q

how do stimulants work?

A

increase neural filing and arouse nervous system (BP, HR, respiration, alertness)

57
Q

how do amphetamines affect the brain?

A
  • increase dopamine and norepinephrine activity
58
Q

examples of amphetamines

A

crystal meth, ecstasy (MDMA)

59
Q

how does cocaine affect the brain?

A

increase activity or morphine and dopamine by blocking reuptake

60
Q

how does caffeine affect the brain?

A

works on adenosine neurons = produces a sensation of increased alertness

61
Q

how does nicotine affect the brain?

A

influences dopamine and acetylcholine neurons = increases alertness and reduces stress

62
Q

how do hallucinogens work?

A

produce sensory or perceptual distortions called hallucinations (blue boundaries between fantasy and reality)

63
Q

how does LSD affect the brain?

A
  • stimulates dopamine and serotonin receptors
  • dramatically strengthens visual perceptions along with psychological and physical changes
64
Q

how does cannabis affect the brain?

A
  • stimulates the endorphins and dopamine
  • produces a mixture of hallucinogenic, depressant and stimulant effects

PS101 (7 decks)

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