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PS101 > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

what is personality?

A
  • an individual’s unique collection of stable, consistent behavioural traits that influence their choices and actions
  • varies from one individual to another
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2
Q

what is Freud’s psychodynamic perspective?

A

Freud psychodynamic theory focuses on:
- unconscious determinants of behaviour
- constant interplay of unconscious forces (things outside of their awareness) that often conflict with one another explain why they behave a certain way

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3
Q

what is the structure of personality?

A

Id, Ego, and Superego

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4
Q

what is Id?

A
  • at the unconscious level (well below surface of awareness)
  • innermost core of personality (at birth)
  • operates according to the ‘pleasure principle’
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5
Q

what is Ego?

A
  • at the conscious level (contact with outside world)
  • operates according to the ‘reality principle’
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6
Q

what is superego?

A
  • moral aspect of personality
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7
Q

what are the 8 defence mechanisms used by the ego?

A

repression, sublimation, denial, displacement, identification, projection, rationalization, reaction formation

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8
Q

repression

A

thoughts and wishes remain in the unconscious

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9
Q

sublimation

A

channeling negative, unacceptable impulses into positive, socially desirable behaviour

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10
Q

denial

A

refusal to acknowledge the situation

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11
Q

displacement

A

finding a “safe” target

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12
Q

identification

A

unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to feel better about oneself

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13
Q

projection

A

projecting undesirable impulses (feelings or emotions) onto someone else

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14
Q

rationalization

A

coming up with reasonable explanations for unacceptable feelings or behaviours to hide true motives

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15
Q

reaction formation

A

when people express an exaggerated opposite of their true feelings associated with the unacceptable impulse

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16
Q

what are the 5 psychosexual stages of personality?

A
  • oral stage (0-2 years)
  • anal stage (2-3 years)
  • phallic stage (3-6 years)
  • latency stage (7 years - puberty)
  • genital stage (puberty onwards)
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17
Q

what occurs in the oral stage (1)?

A
  • weaning
    fixation: self indulgence, dependency
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18
Q

what occurs in anal stage (2)?

A
  • toilet training
    fixation: compulsive cleanliness and rigid rules or messy and dominant
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19
Q

what occurs in phallic stage (3)?

A
  • move from sexual attachment to opposite sex-parent to identification with same-sex parent
    fixation: promiscuous, immature sexual attachments
20
Q

what occurs in latency stage (4)?

A
  • period of dormant sexuality
21
Q

what occurs in genital stage (5)?

A
  • formation of social and sexual relationship
22
Q

what is the hierarchy of needs?

A

physiological –> safety –> love/belonging –> esteem/accomplishment –> self actualization

23
Q

what did Abraham Maslow say about the humanistic perspective?

A
  • focuses on the hierarchy of needs, and self actualization
  • studied healthy, well adjusted people
24
Q

what did Carl Rogers say about the humanistic perspective?

A
  • self concept
  • unconditional positive regard
  • client-centered therapy
25
Q

what is a personality trait?

A

describes an individual’s characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviours

26
Q

what is the trait perspective?

A

considers an individual’s personality and the number of traits they have

27
Q

what did Hays Eysenck do?

A

identified 3 superfactors or traits that can vary from high to low

28
Q

psychoticism

A

High = impulsive, socially deviant
Low = self controlled, disciplined

29
Q

what is the 5 factor model?

A

openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

30
Q

openness

A

High = creative, artistic, imaginative, curious
Low = conventional, down to earth

31
Q

conscientiousness

A

High = ambitious, organized, reliable
Low = unreliable, lazy, casual, spontaneous

32
Q

extraversion

A

High = social, enjoy high levels of stimulation
Low = reserved, enjoy low levels of stimulation

33
Q

agreeableness

A

High = good-natured, trusting, supportive
Low = rude, uncooperative, hostile, competitive

34
Q

neuroticism

A

High = worried, insecure, anxiety-prone
Low = tranquil, secure, emotionally stable

35
Q

what is situationism?

A

the view that an individual’s interaction with the environment and situational factors is the primary determinants of behaviour rather than personal characteristics and other internal factors

36
Q

what is interactionism?

A

the view that behaviour is a result of the interaction between inner traits and the situation

37
Q

what are the 2 approaches to personality assessments?

A

rational and empirical

38
Q

what is the rational approach?

A
  • based on theoretical conception of the trait (relevant to the trait)
  • NEO-PI- R (evaluates traits comprising 3 of the 5 super factors: neuroticism, extraversion, openness)
39
Q

what is the empirical approach?

A
  • based on responses by ‘normals’ and psychiatric patients = items answered differently by both groups
  • MMPI-2
40
Q

what is a projective test?

A

personality assessment in which the participant interprets ambiguous stimuli as way to reveal unconscious content

41
Q

what are the 2 main types of projective tests?

A
  • Rorschach Inkblot Test = shown inkblot and have to say what it looks like
  • Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) = shown scene and have to create a story
42
Q

what are the gender differences in personality?

A

Women tend to:
- Assess other’s emotions more accurately
- Score higher on social and connectedness traits

Mend tend to:
- Exhibit more individuality and autonomy
- Show more physical aggression

43
Q

what are the personality findings from family studies?

A
  • identical twins raised together are more alike than fraternal twins raised apart
  • identical twins raised together aren’t more alike than identical twins raised apart
  • adoptive siblings raised together aren’t more alike than two random people raised apart
44
Q

what do collectivist cultures say about personality?

A
  • it isn’t socially acceptable to say positive things about yourself
  • consider the needs of group over the individual
  • score higher on measures on agreeableness
  • value harmony in interpersonal relationships
  • describe self as part of a group
45
Q

what do individualistic cultures say about personality?

A
  • value individual achievement and independence
  • score higher on measures of extraversion and openness
  • value privacy
  • describe self using personal traits

PS101 (7 decks)

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