Chapter 16 Flashcards
what is the goal of treatment with therapy?
to help change maladaptive thoughts, feeling and/or behaviours
what are the 3 features of all therapies?
1) a sufferer who seeks help
2) a trained, socially accepted healer
3) a series of contacts with the goal of changing maladaptive thoughts, feeling and/or behaviours
what are the 2 types of treatment?
psychotherapy and biological therapy
what is psychotherapy?
an interactive experience with a trained professional, working to understand and change behaviour, thinking, relationships and emotions
what is biological therapy?
the use of medications and other procedures acting directly on the body to reduce the symptoms of mental disorders
who seeks therapy?
- 30% of North Americans will seek professional counselling at some point in their lives (2 in 3 will be women)
- 2/3 of people don’t seek help due to stigma or lack of confidence in treatment
who are clincinans?
- clinical psychologists
- psychiatrists
- counselors
- social workers
where is treatment conducted?
public institutions (hospitals, clinics), schools, private offices
what is the Canadian Mental Health Act?
it outlines patients rights and conditions for involuntary admittance to hospitals
what is a psychotropic drug?
a drug that primarily acts on the brain
strengths of biological treatments
- often work when other treatments have failed
- research offers promising options
criticisms of biological treatments
- undesirable side effects
- ignores environmental effects
4 types of drug therapies
anti-anxiety, antidepressants, mood stabilizers, antipsychotics
what do anti-anxiety drugs do?
- designed to reduce anxiety without affecting alertness or concentration
- slows down excitatory synaptic activity
examples of anti-anxiety drugs
valium, xanax, prozac
what do antidepressants do?
- designed to improve mood and reduce other symptoms of depression
- working by increasing levels of serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine
what are the 3 types of antidepressants?
MAO inhibitors, tricyclics, SSRIs
examples of antidepressants
prozac, paxil, zoloft, nardil, elavil
what do mood stabilizers do?
designed to improve intense shifts in mood from one extreme state to the another
what do antipsychotics do?
- designed to reduce symptoms of schizophrenia, especially ‘positive’ symptoms (delusions and hallucinations)
- works by decreasing the action of dopamine
examples of antipsychotics
thorazine, clozaril, risperdal
things to keep in mind about drug therapies
- do not ‘cure’ disorder
- do not teach the client coping and problem solving skills to deal with stress
- can bring symptoms under control and other therapeutic techniques can be incorporated
what is Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)?
used to treat depression by sending an electrical current through the brain, producing a brain seizure
what is the procedure of Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)?
- patient is given a sedative and muscle relaxant
- placed on a well-padded mattress
- shocked less than 1 second, causing seizure of CNS
what is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation?
- A noninvasive procedure used to treat depression
- stimulates a focal area of the frontal lobes with a powerful magnetic field
what is Vagus Nerve Stimulation?
an implanted pulse generator sends electrical signals to a specific region of the brain, reducing depression in many people
what is Psychosurgery?
procedure that remove or destroy parts of the brain (least used)
what are the 3 types of psychodynamic therapies?
1.) psychoanalysis
2.) short term psychodynamic therapy
3.) relational psychoanalytic therapy
what is the goal of psychodynamic therapies?
help patients release tension of repression and resolve unconscious inner conflicts
strengths of psychodynamic therapies
- first to suggest psychological instead of biological treatment
- led to many other psychological treatments
criticisms of psychodynamic therapies
- no empirical support for effectiveness of therapy
what are the 4 psychodynamic techniques?
free association, dream interpretation, resistance, transference
what is free association?
uncensored, verbal reports of thoughts, feelings, or images that enter awareness
what is dream interpretation?
therapist helps clients understand the symbolic meaning of their dreams
what is resistance?
defensive maneuvers that hinder the process of therapy are signs that sensitive materials is being approaches
what is transference?
when a patient redirects their feelings about one person onto the therapist
How do psychodynamic therapies help clients?
catharsis: reliving of past repressed feeling to resolve conflicts
what are behavioural therapies?
they focus on behaviour and are often effective for treating phobias and anxiety issues
strengths of behavioural therapies
- a lot of empirical evidence
- effective for many problems
criticisms of behavioural therapies
- Changes may not always be long lasting
- Not effective for some disorders
3 components of behavioural therapies
1.) classical conditioning
2.) operant conditioning
3.) modeling
what are the two classical conditioning approaches?
exposure approach and aversion therapy
what is the exposure approach?
treating phobias through exposure to fearing conditioned stimulus without being allow to escape
2 types:
1.) Flooding = extensive exposure to the feared CS until there is no more fear
2.) Systematic Desensitization = progressing through a fear hierarchy while practicing relaxation at each step
what is aversion therapy?
A person learns to associate the stimulus that they desire with something aversive (displeasant)
what is the operant conditioning approach?
token economies = using positive reinforcement, extinction, negative reinforcement or punishment to increase/decrease certain behaviours
what is token economies?
- system for strengthening desired behaviours through application of positive reinforcement
- tokens given for desirable behaviours and then exchanged for tangible reinforcers
what is cognitive behavioural therapy?
a therapy that works on problems, thoughts and behaviours
- behavioural: work on gaining skills that they may be lacking
- cognitive: work on building more functional thinking habits
what are the 3 kinds of CBT?
1.) ellis’ rational-emotive behavioural therapy
2.) beck’s cognitive therapy
3.) second-wave cognitive-behavioural therapies
strengths of cognitive-behavioural therapies
- well supported by research
- good at treating depression, social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorders, panic disorder, sexual dysfunctions and other disorders
criticisms of cognitive-behavioural therapies:
- role of cognition unclear (cause of effect?)
- unclear whether cognitive, behavioural or a combination of both are effective
what is ellis’ rational-emotive therapy?
the goal is to identify irrational assumptions that lead to disordered emotional and behavioural responses
what is beck’s cognitive therapy?
therapist helps client identify negative thoughts and perceptions, and guides them to apply alternate ways of thinking
what is second-wave cognitive-behavioural therapies?
- recognize problematic thoughts as just thoughts
- learn to accept thoughts rather than try to eliminate them
- mindfulness-based therapy
what is humanistic and existential therapies?
humanists = we are all born with the tools we need to fulfill our potential
existentialists = accept responsibility for our lives and choices
gestalt therapy = guide clients toward self-acceptance by challenging and frustrating them
strengths of humanistic and existential therapies
- appealing to clinicians
- emphasizes positive human qualities
criticisms of humanistic and existential therapies
difficult to research; little research done
what are 2 components of humanistic and existential therapies?
rogers client-centred therapy, gestalt therapy
what is roger’s client-centred therapy?
3 important therapist attributes:
1.) Unconditional positive regard = total acceptance of the client
2.) Accurate empathy = willingness and ability to view the world through the clients eyes
3.) Genuineness = sincere communication
what is gestalt therapy?
- Goal is to bring feelings, wishes, and thoughts into immediate awareness
- Awareness makes the client ‘whole’ again by using role playing
2 formats of therapy
individual therapies = one on one with therapist and client
group therapies = therapist meets with several client with similar problems simultaneously
what therapies are effective for what disorders?
- behavioural → phobias
- cognitive behavioural → social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, depression
- drug Therapy → schizophrenia, bipolar disorder
what are the factors that affect the effectiveness of treatment?
Client variables:
- Openness to therapy
- Ability to understand own internal states
- Problem needs to “fit” with therapy being used
Therapist variables:
- Empathy, genuineness, caring, trust, acceptance
- Eclecticism = willingness to combine treatments for the benefits of a client
Techniques:
- Need appropriate technique for client and situation
