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PS101 > Chapter 16 > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the goal of treatment with therapy?

A

to help change maladaptive thoughts, feeling and/or behaviours

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2
Q

what are the 3 features of all therapies?

A

1) a sufferer who seeks help
2) a trained, socially accepted healer
3) a series of contacts with the goal of changing maladaptive thoughts, feeling and/or behaviours

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3
Q

what are the 2 types of treatment?

A

psychotherapy and biological therapy

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4
Q

what is psychotherapy?

A

an interactive experience with a trained professional, working to understand and change behaviour, thinking, relationships and emotions

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5
Q

what is biological therapy?

A

the use of medications and other procedures acting directly on the body to reduce the symptoms of mental disorders

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6
Q

who seeks therapy?

A
  • 30% of North Americans will seek professional counselling at some point in their lives (2 in 3 will be women)
  • 2/3 of people don’t seek help due to stigma or lack of confidence in treatment
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7
Q

who are clincinans?

A
  • clinical psychologists
  • psychiatrists
  • counselors
  • social workers
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8
Q

where is treatment conducted?

A

public institutions (hospitals, clinics), schools, private offices

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9
Q

what is the Canadian Mental Health Act?

A

it outlines patients rights and conditions for involuntary admittance to hospitals

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10
Q

what is a psychotropic drug?

A

a drug that primarily acts on the brain

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11
Q

strengths of biological treatments

A
  • often work when other treatments have failed
  • research offers promising options
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12
Q

criticisms of biological treatments

A
  • undesirable side effects
  • ignores environmental effects
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13
Q

4 types of drug therapies

A

anti-anxiety, antidepressants, mood stabilizers, antipsychotics

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14
Q

what do anti-anxiety drugs do?

A
  • designed to reduce anxiety without affecting alertness or concentration
  • slows down excitatory synaptic activity
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15
Q

examples of anti-anxiety drugs

A

valium, xanax, prozac

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16
Q

what do antidepressants do?

A
  • designed to improve mood and reduce other symptoms of depression
  • working by increasing levels of serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine
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17
Q

what are the 3 types of antidepressants?

A

MAO inhibitors, tricyclics, SSRIs

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18
Q

examples of antidepressants

A

prozac, paxil, zoloft, nardil, elavil

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19
Q

what do mood stabilizers do?

A

designed to improve intense shifts in mood from one extreme state to the another

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20
Q

what do antipsychotics do?

A
  • designed to reduce symptoms of schizophrenia, especially ‘positive’ symptoms (delusions and hallucinations)
  • works by decreasing the action of dopamine
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21
Q

examples of antipsychotics

A

thorazine, clozaril, risperdal

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22
Q

things to keep in mind about drug therapies

A
  • do not ‘cure’ disorder
  • do not teach the client coping and problem solving skills to deal with stress
  • can bring symptoms under control and other therapeutic techniques can be incorporated
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23
Q

what is Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)?

A

used to treat depression by sending an electrical current through the brain, producing a brain seizure

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24
Q

what is the procedure of Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)?

A
  • patient is given a sedative and muscle relaxant
  • placed on a well-padded mattress
  • shocked less than 1 second, causing seizure of CNS
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25
Q

what is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation?

A
  • A noninvasive procedure used to treat depression
  • stimulates a focal area of the frontal lobes with a powerful magnetic field
26
Q

what is Vagus Nerve Stimulation?

A

an implanted pulse generator sends electrical signals to a specific region of the brain, reducing depression in many people

27
Q

what is Psychosurgery?

A

procedure that remove or destroy parts of the brain (least used)

28
Q

what are the 3 types of psychodynamic therapies?

A

1.) psychoanalysis
2.) short term psychodynamic therapy
3.) relational psychoanalytic therapy

29
Q

what is the goal of psychodynamic therapies?

A

help patients release tension of repression and resolve unconscious inner conflicts

30
Q

strengths of psychodynamic therapies

A
  • first to suggest psychological instead of biological treatment
  • led to many other psychological treatments
31
Q

criticisms of psychodynamic therapies

A
  • no empirical support for effectiveness of therapy
32
Q

what are the 4 psychodynamic techniques?

A

free association, dream interpretation, resistance, transference

33
Q

what is free association?

A

uncensored, verbal reports of thoughts, feelings, or images that enter awareness

34
Q

what is dream interpretation?

A

therapist helps clients understand the symbolic meaning of their dreams

35
Q

what is resistance?

A

defensive maneuvers that hinder the process of therapy are signs that sensitive materials is being approaches

36
Q

what is transference?

A

when a patient redirects their feelings about one person onto the therapist

37
Q

How do psychodynamic therapies help clients?

A

catharsis: reliving of past repressed feeling to resolve conflicts

38
Q

what are behavioural therapies?

A

they focus on behaviour and are often effective for treating phobias and anxiety issues

39
Q

strengths of behavioural therapies

A
  • a lot of empirical evidence
  • effective for many problems
40
Q

criticisms of behavioural therapies

A
  • Changes may not always be long lasting
  • Not effective for some disorders
41
Q

3 components of behavioural therapies

A

1.) classical conditioning
2.) operant conditioning
3.) modeling

42
Q

what are the two classical conditioning approaches?

A

exposure approach and aversion therapy

43
Q

what is the exposure approach?

A

treating phobias through exposure to fearing conditioned stimulus without being allow to escape

2 types:
1.) Flooding = extensive exposure to the feared CS until there is no more fear
2.) Systematic Desensitization = progressing through a fear hierarchy while practicing relaxation at each step

44
Q

what is aversion therapy?

A

A person learns to associate the stimulus that they desire with something aversive (displeasant)

45
Q

what is the operant conditioning approach?

A

token economies = using positive reinforcement, extinction, negative reinforcement or punishment to increase/decrease certain behaviours

46
Q

what is token economies?

A
  • system for strengthening desired behaviours through application of positive reinforcement
  • tokens given for desirable behaviours and then exchanged for tangible reinforcers
47
Q

what is cognitive behavioural therapy?

A

a therapy that works on problems, thoughts and behaviours
- behavioural: work on gaining skills that they may be lacking
- cognitive: work on building more functional thinking habits

48
Q

what are the 3 kinds of CBT?

A

1.) ellis’ rational-emotive behavioural therapy
2.) beck’s cognitive therapy
3.) second-wave cognitive-behavioural therapies

49
Q

strengths of cognitive-behavioural therapies

A
  • well supported by research
  • good at treating depression, social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorders, panic disorder, sexual dysfunctions and other disorders
50
Q

criticisms of cognitive-behavioural therapies:

A
  • role of cognition unclear (cause of effect?)
  • unclear whether cognitive, behavioural or a combination of both are effective
51
Q

what is ellis’ rational-emotive therapy?

A

the goal is to identify irrational assumptions that lead to disordered emotional and behavioural responses

52
Q

what is beck’s cognitive therapy?

A

therapist helps client identify negative thoughts and perceptions, and guides them to apply alternate ways of thinking

53
Q

what is second-wave cognitive-behavioural therapies?

A
  • recognize problematic thoughts as just thoughts
  • learn to accept thoughts rather than try to eliminate them
  • mindfulness-based therapy
54
Q

what is humanistic and existential therapies?

A

humanists = we are all born with the tools we need to fulfill our potential
existentialists = accept responsibility for our lives and choices
gestalt therapy = guide clients toward self-acceptance by challenging and frustrating them

55
Q

strengths of humanistic and existential therapies

A
  • appealing to clinicians
  • emphasizes positive human qualities
56
Q

criticisms of humanistic and existential therapies

A

difficult to research; little research done

57
Q

what are 2 components of humanistic and existential therapies?

A

rogers client-centred therapy, gestalt therapy

58
Q

what is roger’s client-centred therapy?

A

3 important therapist attributes:

1.) Unconditional positive regard = total acceptance of the client
2.) Accurate empathy = willingness and ability to view the world through the clients eyes
3.) Genuineness = sincere communication

59
Q

what is gestalt therapy?

A
  • Goal is to bring feelings, wishes, and thoughts into immediate awareness
  • Awareness makes the client ‘whole’ again by using role playing
60
Q

2 formats of therapy

A

individual therapies = one on one with therapist and client
group therapies = therapist meets with several client with similar problems simultaneously

61
Q

what therapies are effective for what disorders?

A
  • behavioural → phobias
  • cognitive behavioural → social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, depression
  • drug Therapy → schizophrenia, bipolar disorder
62
Q

what are the factors that affect the effectiveness of treatment?

A

Client variables:
- Openness to therapy
- Ability to understand own internal states
- Problem needs to “fit” with therapy being used

Therapist variables:
- Empathy, genuineness, caring, trust, acceptance
- Eclecticism = willingness to combine treatments for the benefits of a client

Techniques:
- Need appropriate technique for client and situation

PS101 (7 decks)

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