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PS101 > Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Flashcards

1
Q

what is abnormal psychology?

A

the scientific study of psychological disorders

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2
Q

what are the 4 D’s of psychological disorders?

A

Deviance = thoughts or emotions that fall outside cultural norms
Danger = behaviour increases risk of injury or harm to self or others
Distress = intense negative emotional reaction that doesn’t match the situation
Dysfunction = behaviour interferes with individuals daily functioning

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3
Q

why do we diagnose psychological disorders?

A

to make decisions about the treatment

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4
Q

what is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-V)?

A
  • the most complete description of over 350 mental disorders and criteria for diagnosing each
  • diagnostic information is represented in 5 dimensions that consider the person and their life situation
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5
Q

what are the issues with the DSM?

A

-calls too many people ‘disordered’
- the border between disordered and normal are arbitrary
- decisions about what is disorder seem to value judgments

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6
Q

what are the leading models of abnormality?

A
  • neuroscience model
  • psychodynamic approaches
  • cognitive-behavioural approach
  • socio-cultural approaches
  • developmental psychopathy approach
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7
Q

what is the neuroscience model?

A

attributes abnormal functioning to structural or biochemical malfunctions in the brain

ex: Genetic inheritance, abnormal neurotransmitter levels, viral infections, hormones, brain structure abnormalities

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8
Q

what is the psychodynamic approach?

A

attributes abnormal functioning to unconscious conflicts that are often rooted in childhood

ex: defense mechanisms, fixations

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9
Q

what is the cognitive- behavioural approach?

A

attributes abnormal functioning to a mix of conditioning, modelling and cognitive processes

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10
Q

what are the cognitive and behavioural components of the cognitive- behavioural approach?

A

Behavioural perspective = conditioning processes (classical and operant conditioning)
Cognitive perspective = maladaptive thinking and beliefs (selective perception, magnification and overgeneralization)

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11
Q

what is the socio-cultural approach?

A
  • attributes abnormal functioning to societal, cultural, social and family pressures or conflict
  • relation between abnormal functioning and factors
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12
Q

what is the developmental psychopathy approach?

A

attributes abnormal functioning to early risk factors with poor resilience through life stages

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13
Q

what are the components of the developmental psychopathy approach?

A

Risk factors = biological and environmental that contribute to problem outcomes
Resilience = the ability to recover from or avoid the serious effects of negative circumstances
Equifinality = children can start from different points and end up at the same outcome
Multifinality = children can start from the same point and end up at different outcomes

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14
Q

what is major depressive disorder (MDD)?

A

characterized by a depressed mood that is significantly disturbing

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15
Q

what are the symptoms of major depressive disorder?

A

Emotional = depressed mood
Motivational = lack of drive and desire to do activities
Behavioural = less active and productive
Cognitive = guilt, thoughts of suicide
Physical = fatigue, sleep and eating disturbances, dizziness

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16
Q

what are explanations behind MDD?

A

Genetics:
- DNA linkage analysis reveals depressed gene areas

The Brain:
- Brain activity: diminished in depression
- Brain structure: small frontal lobes in depression
- Brain chemistry: less norepinephrine and serotonin in depression

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17
Q

what do the cognitive behavioural theorists say about MDD?

A
  • Learned helplessness
  • Attribution-helplessness theory
  • magnification
  • overgeneralization
  • Cognitive triad
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18
Q

what is bipolar disorder?

A

Dominant mood is depression alternating with periods of mania (3-7 weeks of depression, 3-7 days of mania)

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19
Q

what are the symptoms of bipolar disorder?

A

Emotional = powerful highs
Motivational = seeks excitement and companionship
Behavioural = may move and speak quickly
Cognitive = poor judgment, optimism, grandiosity
Physical = energetic, requires little sleep

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20
Q

what are the explanations of bipolar disorder?

A

Genetics:
- Gene abnormalities
- Irregularities in ions that allow neurons to communicate

Brain structure:
Brain activity: increased in mania
Brain structure: fewer axons
Brain chemistry: more norepinephrine in mania

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21
Q

what is an anxiety disorder?

A

involving fear or nervousness that is out of proportion to the situation and is maladaptive

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22
Q

what are the 6 types of anxiety disorders?

A

generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, phobias, panic disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, post traumatic stress disorder

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23
Q

what is generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?

A

feeling worried or anxious most of the time but not attached to any subject and interferes with ability to concentrate, sleep and eat

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24
Q

what did cognitive behavioural theorists say the cause of GAD was?

A
  • assumption that one is in danger
  • intolerance of uncertainty theory; unwilling to accept negative events
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25
Q

what did neuroscientists say the cause of GAD was?

A
  • malfunctioning GABA feedback system
  • malfunctioning emotional brain circuit
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26
Q

what is social anxiety disorder?

A

fear of talking in public, embarrassment and functioning poorly in front of others

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27
Q

what did cognitive-behavioural theorists say the cause of social anxiety disorder was?

A
  • unrealistically high social standards
  • view oneself as socially unattractive and unskilled
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28
Q

what is phobias?

A
  • strong, irrational fears of objects or situations and the desire to avoid the object of the phobia
  • do not usually go away on their own, intensify over time
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29
Q

what are the explanations behind phobias?

A
  • classically conditioned fear
  • avoidance behaviours are reinforced through operant conditioning
  • modelling of fearful behaviour
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30
Q

what is panic disorder?

A
  • anxiety response occurs suddenly, unpredictable and is very intense
  • person lives in fear of the next attack and changes their behaviour to avoid panic attacks
31
Q

what are the explanations behind panic disorder?

A
  • malfunctioning brain circuit and excess norepinephrine
  • misinterpretation of bodily sensations
32
Q

what is obsessive compulsive disorder?

A

individuals have unwanted repetitive thoughts and tend to engage in repetitive behaviours

33
Q

what does obsessive and compulsive mean?

A

Obsessions = cognitive component (repetitive and unwanted thoughts)
Compulsions = behavioural component (repetitive response to attempt to ease anxiety)

34
Q

what did cognitive-behavioural theorists say about OCD?

A

Learning that compulsive behaviour relieves distress

35
Q

what did neuroscientists say about OCD?

A
  • low serotonin activity
  • cingulate cortex and hypothalamus active the OCD impulses
  • amygdala drives the fear and anxiety components of the OCD response
36
Q

what is post traumatic stress disorder?

A
  • persistent depression and anxiety after a traumatic event
  • lasts more than a month, may begin shortly or years after the event
37
Q

what are the explanations of PTSD?

A
  • damaged hippocampus, amygdala and increased cortisol and norepinephrine
  • perceive negative events as beyond their control
  • negative childhood experiences:
38
Q

what is schizophrenia?

A

a “split mind” characterized by disordered thought, lack of contact with reality, hallucinations

39
Q

what are the symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Hallucinations = alterations in perception
Delusions = beliefs that are not based on reality
Disorganized behaviour = ‘all over the place’ to the extent that completing a task is difficult

40
Q

what are the 4 categories of symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

positive, negative, cognitive, psychomotor

41
Q

what are positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

presence of problem behaviours;
→ delusions, disorganized thinking and speech, hallucinations

42
Q

what are negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

absence of healthy behaviors; pathological deficits in behaviour → lack of speech, flat affect, loss of volition, social withdrawal

43
Q

what are cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

impairment in cognitive functions → problems with memory, executive function, intelligence

44
Q

what are psychomotor symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

abnormal movements → awkward movements, odd gestures, catatonia

45
Q

what is the onset and development of schizophrenia?

A
  • typically end of adolescence and in early childhood, later for women than men
  • roughly 1 in 100 people, equal men and women
46
Q

what are the explanations of schizophrenia?

A

Genetics

Abnormal brain structures

  • smaller temporal lobes and frontal lobes
  • structural abnormalities of hippocampus, amygdala and thalamus
  • cerebral ventricles are 20-30% larger in size

Biochemical abnormalities

  • too many dopamine receptors help to explain paranoid and hallucinations
  • abnormal glutamate and serotonin activity may play a role
47
Q

what are the 5 types of somatic symptom and related disorders?

A

somatic symptom disorders, illness anxiety disorder, conversion disorder, psychological factors affecting other medical conditions, factitious disorders

48
Q

what are the explanations for somatic symptom and related disorders?

A

behaviourists: classical conditioning of fears, modeling
cognitive theorists: misinterpret/ very sensitive to bodily cues
socio cultural theorists: many non-western cultures transform personal distress into somatic complaints/ symptoms

49
Q

what is somatic symptom disorder?

A
  • one or more somatic symptoms that cause distress and significant disruption to daily life
  • concern has lasted over 6 months
50
Q

what is illness anxiety disorder?

A
  • individual is preoccupied with having a serious disease despite minimal or no somatic symptoms
  • excessive care seeking for over 6 months
51
Q

what is conversion disorder?

A
  • the development of sudden symptoms suggestive of neurological damage yet perfectly healthy (blindness, paralysis, seizures, loss of feeling)
  • individual is concerned with their symptoms
52
Q

what is psychological factors affecting other medical conditions?

A

when psychological factors adversely affects or worsens a current medical condition

53
Q

what is factitious disorder?

A

when an individual purposely assumes physical or psychological symptoms in order to adopt the patient role

54
Q

what is dissociation?

A

refers to a separation of conscious awareness from thoughts, memory, bodily sensations, feelings or even from identity

55
Q

what is a dissociative disorder?

A

refers to dysfunction and distress caused by a chronic and severe dissociation

56
Q

what are the explanations of dissociative disorders?

A

psychoanalytic perspective = repression
cognitive perspective = coping with abuse
learning perspective = dissociation pays
social influence = therapists encourage
biological approach = smaller hippocampus and amygdala

57
Q

what are the 3 types of dissociative disorders?

A

dissociative amnesia, depersonalization disorder, dissociative identity disorders (DID)

58
Q

what is dissociative amnesia?

A

loss of memory with no known physical cause; inability to recall memories

59
Q

what is depersonalization disorder?

A

a strong feeling of disconnection from one’s regular identity and awareness; usually triggered by stress

60
Q

what is dissociative identity disorder (DID)?

A
  • development of multiple personalities (aka multiple personality disorder)
  • each identity is unique, may or may not know about each other, not in conscious at the same time
61
Q

what personality disorders fell into dramatic and impulsive behaviours?

A

antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic

62
Q

what personality disorders fall into anxiety and fearfulness behaviours?

A

avoidant, depended, obsessive-compulsive

63
Q

what personality disorders fall into odd and eccentric behaviours?

A

paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal

64
Q

what is antisocial personality disorder?

A
  • lack a conscience and empathy
  • failed to respond to punishment
  • disregard for others rights or preferences
  • may be charming and manipulative
65
Q

what did the behaviourist theorists say about anti-social personality disorder?

A

modelling = parents have antisocial personalities
operant conditioning = parent reward the wrong behaviour

66
Q

what are the biological factors related to anti-social disorders?

A

lower serotonin, deficient functioning of the frontal lobes, less anxiety

67
Q

what is borderline personality disorder?

A
  • intense extremes between positive and negative emotions
  • unstable sense of self
  • impulsivity and volatility
  • difficult with social relationships
68
Q

what does the bisocial theory say about borderline personality disorder?

A

child has difficulty identifying and controlling emotions, emotions are punished and disregarded

69
Q

learned helplessness

A

a state that occurs after a person has experienced a stressful situation repeatedly

70
Q

attribution helplessness theory

A

individuals come to feel helpless through learning to attribute internal, stable, and global causes to a variety of events.

71
Q

cognitive triad

A

a set of three negative beliefs about the self, the world, and the future

72
Q

magnification

A

an individual will perceive a relatively minor incident as being much more important

73
Q

overgeneralization

A

where a person applies something from one event to all other events

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