Chapter 6 Flashcards
more electronegative
atomic orbitals are lower in energy
bonding orbitals
constructive interference, lower in energy than original, in-phase (positives line up with positives)
anti bonding orbitals
destructive interference, higher in energy than original, out-of-phase (positive lines up with negative)
number of orbitals combined equals _____
number of hybridized orbitals
hybrid orbitals
minimize energy of molecule by maximizing overlap in a bond, they are overlaps of atomic orbitals
atoms in molecule that can hybridize
interior, central
sigma bond
head on overlap of 2 orbitals, on the bonding axis, no nodes
pi bond
side-on overlap of orbitals, s and hybrid orbitals cannot create pi bonds, electron density above and below bonding axis, node along the bonding axis
atoms that are singly bonded can
rotate to find minimum potential energy
atoms with pi bonds are
locked, cannot rotate, pi bond must break for rotation
isomers
molecules with same chemical formula, different 3D arrangements of atoms, different properties (boiling point, dipole moment, etc)
geometric isomers
cis and trans, different in arrangement with respect to a double bond, ring, or another rigid structure
delocalization
spreading electrons out, giving them more room, stabilizes the molecule
molecular orbital theory
molecular orbitals are delocalized over the whole molecule
the number of molecular orbitals formed is equal to ____
number of atomic orbitals combined
positive bond order
bond forms
negative bond order
bond does not form
bond order
(electrons in bonding-electrons in antibonding)/2
bond order equals 1
single bond
molecular orbital order for B2
sigma*
pi*
sigma
pi
molecular orbital order for C2
sigma*
pi*
sigma
pi
molecular orbital order for N2
sigma*
pi*
sigma
pi
molecular orbital order for O2
sigma*
pi*
pi
sigma
molecular orbital order for F2
sigma*
pi*
pi
sigma
molecular orbital order for Ne2
sigma*
pi*
pi
sigma
orbital mixing is greater in ___
B,C,N
lower energy atomic orbital (more EN) makes a ____
greater contribution to the bonding molecular orbital of the molecule
higher energy atomic orbital (less EN) makes a ____
greater contribution to the anti-bonding molecular orbital of the molecule
