Chapter 6

Question 1

A substance that increases the concentration of H+ when added to water

Answer 1

Acid

Question 2

Equilibrium constant for the reaction of an acid with H2O

Answer 2

Acid dissociation constant, Ka

Question 3

One in which the activity of H+ is greater than the activity of OH-

Answer 3

Acidic solution

Question 4

One that cannot donate protons (hydrogen ions) in an acid-base reaction

Answer 4

Aprotic solvent

Question 5

The reaction in which two molecules of the same species transfer a proton from one to the other

Answer 5

Autoprotolysis

Question 6

A substance that decreases the concentration of H+ when added to water

Answer 6

Base

Question 7

The equilibrium constant for the reaction of a base with H2O

Answer 7

Base hydrolysis constant, Kb

Question 8

One in which the activity of OH- is greater than the activity of H+

Answer 8

Basic solution

Question 9

A proton (hydrogen ion) donor

Answer 9

Brønsted-Lowry acid

Question 10

A proton (hydrogen ion) acceptor

Answer 10

Brønsted-Lowry base

Question 11

Occurs when a salt is dissolved in a solution already containing one of the ions of the salt. The salt is less soluble than it would be in a solution without that surplus ion. An application of Le Châtelier’s principle

Answer 11

Common ion effect

Question 12

Historical name for any ion containing two or more ions or molecules that are each stable by themselves

Answer 12

Complex ion

Question 13

An acid and a base that differ only through the gain or loss of a single proton

Answer 13

Conjugate acid-base pair

Question 14

Occurs when a substance whose solubility is not exceeded precipitates along with one whose solubility is exceeded

Answer 14

Coprecipitation

Question 15

Equilibrium constant for a reaction of the type M + mX ⇌ MXn

Answer 15

Cumulative formation constant, Bn; Overall formation constant, Bn

Question 16

A reaction in which an element in one oxidation state gives products containing that element in both higher and lower oxidation states

Answer 16

Disproportionation

Question 17

One for which ΔH is positive; heat must be supplied to reactants for them to react

Answer 17

Endothermic reaction

Question 18

The heat absorbed or released when a reaction occurs at constant pressure

Answer 18

Enthalpy change (ΔH)

Question 19

A measure of “disorder” of a substance

Answer 19

Entropy

Question 20

For the reaction aA + bB ⇌ cC + dD, (Cc * Dd)/(Aa * Bb)

Answer 20

Equilibrium constant (K)

Question 21

One for which ΔH is negative; heat is liberated when products are formed

Answer 21

Exothermic reaction

Question 22

The change in Gibbs free energy, ΔG, for any process at constant temperature is related to the change in enthalpy, ΔH, and entropy, ΔS, by the equation ΔG = ΔH - T ΔS, where T is temperature in kelvins. A process is spontaneous (thermodynamically favorable) if ΔG is negative

Answer 22

Gibbs free energy (G)

Question 23

H+ (aq) or H3O+

Answer 23

Hydronium ion

Question 24

A closely associated anion and cation, held together by electrostatic attraction. In solvents less polar than water, ions are usually found as ion pairs

Answer 24

Ion pair

Question 25

If a system at equilibrium is disturbed, the direction in which it proceeds back to equilibrium is such that the disturbance is partially offset

Answer 25

Le Châtelier’s principle

Question 26

One that can form a chemical bond by sharing a pair of electrons donated by another species

Answer 26

Lewis acid

Question 27

One that can form a chemical bond by sharing a pair of its electrons with another species

Answer 27

Lewis base

Question 28

An atom or a group attached to a central atom in a molecule; any group attached to anything else of interest

Answer 28

Ligand

Question 29

Process in which a stoichiometric equivalent of acid is added of a base (or vice versa)

Answer 29

Neutralization

Question 30

Defined as pH = - log[H+]

Answer 30

pH

Question 31

Compound that can donate or accept more than one proton

Answer 31

Polyprotic acid or base

Question 32

One with an acidic hydrogen atom

Answer 32

Protic solvent

Question 33

Expression having the same form as the equilibrium constant for a reaction. However, the reaction quotient is evaluated for a particular set of existing activities (concentrations), which are generally not the equilibrium values. At equilibrium, Q = K.

Answer 33

Reaction quotient (Q)

Question 34

An ionic solid

Answer 34

Salt

Question 35

One that contains the maximum amount of a compound that can dissolve at equilibrium

Answer 35

Saturated solution

Question 36

Equilibrium constant for the dissociation of a solid salt to give its ions in solution

Answer 36

Solubility product (Ksp)

Question 37

The standard state of a solute is 1 M and the standard state of a gas is 1 bar. Pure solids and liquids are considered to be in their standard states. In equilibrium constants, dimensionless concentrations are expressed as a ratio of the concentration of each species to its concentration in its standard state

Answer 37

Standard state

Question 38

Equilibrium constant for a reaction of the type ML(n-1) + L ⇌ MLn

Answer 38

Stepwise formation constant (Kn)