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Biology 1107 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Metabolism

A
  • emergent property
  • totality of organisms’ chemical reactions
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2
Q

Metabolic Pathway

A

begins with specific molecule and ends with product; each step is catalyzed by a specific enzyme.

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3
Q

Catabolic Pathway

A

release energy through breaking down molecules into simple compounds

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4
Q

Anabolic Pathway

A

consumes energy to build complex molecules from simple ones

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5
Q

Bioenergetics

A

study of how energy flows through living organisms

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6
Q

Energy

A

capacity to cause change

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7
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

motion

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8
Q

Heat/Thermal Energy

A

kinetic energy associated with random movements of atoms and molecules

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9
Q

Potential Energy

A

energy that matters possess due to its location or structure

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10
Q

Chemical Energy

A

potential energy available for reuse in a chemical reaction

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11
Q

Thermodynamics

A

study of energy transformations

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12
Q

In an open system energy and matter can be transferred between….

A

the system and its surroundings

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13
Q

First Law of Thermodynamics

A

energy of the universe is constant

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14
Q

Second Law of Thermodynamics

A

every energy transfer or transformation increases entropy of universe

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15
Q

For a process to occur without energy input, it must…

A

increase entropy of the universe

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16
Q

During every energy transfer or transformation some energy is…

A

unusable and lost as heat

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17
Q

Entropy may decrease in an organism but the universes total entropy..

A

increases

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18
Q

organisms replace ordered forms of matter and energy with…

A

less ordered forms

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19
Q

Energy flows into ecosystem as light and exists…

A

in the form of heat

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20
Q

What is a living system’s free energy?

A

the energy that can do work when temperature and pressure are uniform

21
Q

Change in free energy is related to change in enthalpy, ….., and ….

A
  • change in entropy
  • temperature
22
Q

Enthalpy

A

change in total energy

23
Q

Only processes with a negative change in free energy are

A

spontaneous

24
Q

Exergonic Reaction

A
  • net release of free energy and is spontaneous
  • change in free energy is negative
25
Q

Endergonic Reactions

A
  • absorbs free energy from surroundings and is not spontaneous
  • change in free energy is positive
26
Q

Reactions in a closed system eventually reach what?

A

equilibrium

27
Q

Cells are not in equilibrium because?

A

they are open systems experiencing a constant flow of materials

28
Q

Energy Coupling

A

use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one
- mediated by ATP

29
Q

What can break bonds among phosphate groups in ATP?

A

Hydrolysis

30
Q

What does ATP hydrolysis produce?

A

ADP, ATP hydrolysis releases energy

31
Q

Phosphorylation

A

regenerates ATP

32
Q

ATP Cycle

A

catabolic to anabolic

33
Q

Enzyme

A

macromolecule that acts as catalyst

34
Q

Activation Energy

A

energy required to start a reaction, breaks bonds in reactants

35
Q

What supplies activation energy (EA)

A

heat that reactants absorb

36
Q

Heat is what kind of catalyst and how does it affect proteins?

A

Heath is a nonselective catalyst and denatures proteins

37
Q

How do enzymes catalyze reactions?

A

lowering activation energy barrier without being consumed

38
Q

Substrate

A

reactant molecule an enzyme acts on

39
Q

Active Site

A

region where and enzyme binds to substrate

40
Q

Included fit

A

binds chemical groups of active site together

41
Q

An active site can lower …. and speed up ….

A
  • activation energy
  • reactions
42
Q

How can you increase substrate concentration?

A

speed up enzyme catalysis

43
Q

How does enzyme saturation affect reaction speed?

A

The reaction speed is sped up by adding more enzyme

44
Q

Cofactors

A

nonprotein molecules carrying out processes too difficult for amino acids

45
Q

Competitive Inhibitors

A

bind to active site of enzyme and prvent substrate binding

46
Q

Noncompetitive Inhibitors

A

bind to alternative site on enzyme =, causing active site to become less effective

47
Q

Toxins are what kind of enzyme inhibitors?

A

Irreversible (COVALENT BONDS)

48
Q

Cooperativity

A

binding one substrate molecule to active site of one subunit, locking all other subunits into active shape.

Biology 1107 (6 decks)

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