Chapter 6

Question 1

The process by which behaviours and knowledge change as a result of experience.

Answer 1

What is Learning?

Question 2

This type of conditioning, made famous by Ivan Pavlov,, included training an organism to associate a neutral stimulus with a biologically relevant one to create a change in response to the neutral stimulus.

Answer 2

What is Classical Conditioning?

Question 3

This type of stimulus elicits a response that isn’t learned, purely biological in nature.

Answer 3

What is an Unconditioned Stimulus?

Question 4

This type of stimulus starts off neutral, but once paired with an unconditioned stimulus becomes a created response.

Answer 4

What is a Conditioned Stimulus?

Question 5

When weak synaptic connections are stimulated at the same time as a pre-existing, strong connection, the weak connection increase in strength.

Answer 5

What is Hebb’s Rule?

Question 6

The initial stage of learning where a response is established from the pairing of an unconditioned and neutral stimulus.

Answer 6

What is Acquisition?

Question 7

When there is a reduction in the pairing of a conditioned and unconditioned stimulus, responses become this.

Answer 7

What is Extinction?

Question 8

When a response is extinguished, there is a chance it can reoccur after a length of time has passed.

Answer 8

What is Spontaneous Recovery?

Question 9

This process occurs when a response from one stimulus occurs for other similar yet different stimuli.

Answer 9

What is Stimulus Generalization?

Question 10

This process occurs when a response only occurs for one particular stimulus, not any similar yet different stimuli.

Answer 10

What is Stimulus Discrimination?

Question 11

This type of response develops when an individual has an emotional or psychological experience with an object or situation.

Answer 11

What is a Conditioned Emotional Response?

Question 12

This type of conditioning occurs when an individual develops fears to particular objects or locations due to past experiences.

Answer 12

What is Contextual Fear Conditioning?

Question 13

We have a biological predisposition to learn certain responses to certain stimuli.

Answer 13

What is Preparedness?

Question 14

When someone develops a dislike for certain foods because it reminds them of when they were ill, they are experiencing this.

Answer 14

What is Conditioned Taste Aversion?

Question 15

When an individual has frequently experienced a stimulus before conditioning, it makes conditioning more challenging.

Answer 15

What is Latent Inhibition?

Question 16

This type of conditioning is a type of learning that is influenced by consequences of actions.

Answer 16

What is Operant Conditioning? (Operant = To operate on an environment)

Question 17

Bonus Info!

Answer 17

A response is not necessary for classical, but is required for operant conditioning.

Question 18

When a consequence is dependant on an action.

Answer 18

What is Contingency?

Question 19

An event or more typically a reward following a response to increase the likelihood of the response occurring again.

Answer 19

What is Reinforcement?

Question 20

This law states that when a response is followed by satisfaction it increases, and vice versa. One could say satisfaction has an effect on behaviours!

Answer 20

What is the Law of Effect?

Question 21

These tools, informally known as “Skinner Boxes”, were used to observe and study different types of operant conditioning.

Answer 21

What are Operant Chambers?

Question 22

This stimulus type is contingent on a response and increases the probability of occurrence.

Answer 22

What is a Reinforcer?

Question 23

The antithesis to reinforcing, this type of conditioning aims to decrease the future probability of a response.

Answer 23

What is Punishment?

Question 24

Type of stimulus that is contingent on a response and decreases the probability of occurrence.

Answer 24

What is a Punisher?

Question 25

These two adjectives can be added to either punishment or reinforcement to provide context of what is received or taken away after the response.

Answer 25

What are Positive and Negative Tags?

Question 26

This type of learning aims to remove the possibility of a stimulus or response will occur.

Answer 26

What is Avoidance Learning?

Question 27

This type of learning removes an already present stimulus from an individual’s surroundings.

Answer 27

What is Escape Learning?

Question 28

A variant of operant conditioning, this technique is used by rewarding every behaviour leading to a targeted behaviour.

Answer 28

What is Shaping?

Question 29

A variant of operant conditioning, this technique takes a complex response or behaviour and breaks down the individual steps to reinforce first.

Answer 29

What is Chaining?

Question 30

These types of stimuli satisfy basic motivational needs for an individual’s survival and ability to reproduce.

Answer 30

What are Primary Reinforcers?

Question 31

These types of stimuli acquire their effects only after we learn that they have value to us.

Answer 31

What are Secondary Stimuli?

Question 32

For its use in psychology, it means to respond to one original stimulus but not new, similar stimuli.

Answer 32

What is Discrimination?

Question 33

This occurs when a reward loses it’s appeal once you have obtained it, like craving chips but then not wanting more after the initial few bites.

Answer 33

What is Reward Devaluation?

Question 34

This concept regarding the rules of when reinforcement is available can be broken down into two main categories: continuous, with every response being reinforced, or partial, where only certain responses are reinforced.

Answer 34

What are the Schedules of Reinforcement?

Question 35

This type of learning occurs subconsciously and is not expressed until an organism is properly reinforced for doing so.

Answer 35

What is Latent Learning?

Question 36

This theory states that each organism, after interacting with a stimulus, will interpret similar yet different responses.

Answer 36

What is the Stimulus Organism Response Theory?

Question 37

This type of learning occurs when one changes behaviours or gains knowledge by watching others perform a response.

Answer 37

What is Observational Learning?

Question 38

A type of brain cell that reacts both when a particular action is performed and when it is strictly observed.

Answer 38

What are Mirror Neurons?