Chapter 6 Flashcards
The process by which behaviours and knowledge change as a result of experience.
What is Learning?
This type of conditioning, made famous by Ivan Pavlov,, included training an organism to associate a neutral stimulus with a biologically relevant one to create a change in response to the neutral stimulus.
What is Classical Conditioning?
This type of stimulus elicits a response that isn’t learned, purely biological in nature.
What is an Unconditioned Stimulus?
This type of stimulus starts off neutral, but once paired with an unconditioned stimulus becomes a created response.
What is a Conditioned Stimulus?
When weak synaptic connections are stimulated at the same time as a pre-existing, strong connection, the weak connection increase in strength.
What is Hebb’s Rule?
The initial stage of learning where a response is established from the pairing of an unconditioned and neutral stimulus.
What is Acquisition?
When there is a reduction in the pairing of a conditioned and unconditioned stimulus, responses become this.
What is Extinction?
When a response is extinguished, there is a chance it can reoccur after a length of time has passed.
What is Spontaneous Recovery?
This process occurs when a response from one stimulus occurs for other similar yet different stimuli.
What is Stimulus Generalization?
This process occurs when a response only occurs for one particular stimulus, not any similar yet different stimuli.
What is Stimulus Discrimination?
This type of response develops when an individual has an emotional or psychological experience with an object or situation.
What is a Conditioned Emotional Response?
This type of conditioning occurs when an individual develops fears to particular objects or locations due to past experiences.
What is Contextual Fear Conditioning?
We have a biological predisposition to learn certain responses to certain stimuli.
What is Preparedness?
When someone develops a dislike for certain foods because it reminds them of when they were ill, they are experiencing this.
What is Conditioned Taste Aversion?
When an individual has frequently experienced a stimulus before conditioning, it makes conditioning more challenging.
What is Latent Inhibition?
This type of conditioning is a type of learning that is influenced by consequences of actions.
What is Operant Conditioning? (Operant = To operate on an environment)
Bonus Info!
A response is not necessary for classical, but is required for operant conditioning.
When a consequence is dependant on an action.
What is Contingency?
An event or more typically a reward following a response to increase the likelihood of the response occurring again.
What is Reinforcement?
This law states that when a response is followed by satisfaction it increases, and vice versa. One could say satisfaction has an effect on behaviours!
What is the Law of Effect?
These tools, informally known as “Skinner Boxes”, were used to observe and study different types of operant conditioning.
What are Operant Chambers?
This stimulus type is contingent on a response and increases the probability of occurrence.
What is a Reinforcer?
The antithesis to reinforcing, this type of conditioning aims to decrease the future probability of a response.
What is Punishment?
Type of stimulus that is contingent on a response and decreases the probability of occurrence.
What is a Punisher?
These two adjectives can be added to either punishment or reinforcement to provide context of what is received or taken away after the response.
What are Positive and Negative Tags?
This type of learning aims to remove the possibility of a stimulus or response will occur.
What is Avoidance Learning?
This type of learning removes an already present stimulus from an individual’s surroundings.
What is Escape Learning?
A variant of operant conditioning, this technique is used by rewarding every behaviour leading to a targeted behaviour.
What is Shaping?
A variant of operant conditioning, this technique takes a complex response or behaviour and breaks down the individual steps to reinforce first.
What is Chaining?
These types of stimuli satisfy basic motivational needs for an individual’s survival and ability to reproduce.
What are Primary Reinforcers?
These types of stimuli acquire their effects only after we learn that they have value to us.
What are Secondary Stimuli?
For its use in psychology, it means to respond to one original stimulus but not new, similar stimuli.
What is Discrimination?
This occurs when a reward loses it’s appeal once you have obtained it, like craving chips but then not wanting more after the initial few bites.
What is Reward Devaluation?
This concept regarding the rules of when reinforcement is available can be broken down into two main categories: continuous, with every response being reinforced, or partial, where only certain responses are reinforced.
What are the Schedules of Reinforcement?
This type of learning occurs subconsciously and is not expressed until an organism is properly reinforced for doing so.
What is Latent Learning?
This theory states that each organism, after interacting with a stimulus, will interpret similar yet different responses.
What is the Stimulus Organism Response Theory?
This type of learning occurs when one changes behaviours or gains knowledge by watching others perform a response.
What is Observational Learning?
A type of brain cell that reacts both when a particular action is performed and when it is strictly observed.
What are Mirror Neurons?
