Chapter 5D Flashcards
What is CTE?
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a progressive and fatal brain disease associated with repeated head injuries and concussions.
What causes CTE?
CTE is typically caused by repeated concussions from contact sports, combat, head banging, and intimate partner violence. It can also result from a single severe traumatic brain injury, such as from a motor vehicle accident.
Does CTE develop immediately after a head injury?
No, the effects of CTE do not occur immediately after a concussion or head injury.
Why is CTE considered a neurodegenerative disease?
CTE is neurodegenerative because damage to neurons occurs over time, leading to progressively worsening brain function.
How can CTE become fatal?
CTE can become fatal when brain degeneration reaches a point where it is difficult to function and sustain life.
When do symptoms of CTE typically appear?
Symptoms of CTE usually appear 8 to 10 years after repetitive concussions, often in older, retired athletes, sports players, and war veterans.
What are some cognitive symptoms of CTE?
Cognitive symptoms include impairments in executive functions (reasoning, decision-making), memory loss, and difficulties with attention and concentration.
What are some behavioral symptoms of CTE?
Behavioural symptoms include disturbances in behaviour, increased aggression, and emotional outbursts.
What are some emotional symptoms of CTE?
Emotional symptoms include depression, anxiety, paranoia, and mood impairments such as aggression and emotional outbursts.
How is CTE diagnosed?
A conclusive diagnosis of CTE can only be made through a post-mortem examination.
What protein is associated with CTE?
CTE is associated with the widespread buildup of the protein p-tau in brain regions like the brainstem, hippocampus, and cerebral cortex.
Can brain scans detect CTE?
No, brain scans cannot detect the brain changes that characterize CTE.
What treatments are suggested for persistent post-concussion symptoms?
Education and behavioral therapies have been effective in preventing and treating persistent post-concussion symptoms.
Is there a cure for CTE?
No, there is currently no cure for CTE.
How does the protein tau contribute to CTE?
Tau forms neurofibrillary tangles inside neurons, inhibiting the transport of essential substances and eventually causing neuron death.
How has CTE research influenced sports regulations?
CTE research has led to safety measures like helmet use and concussion protocols to protect athletes.
