Chapter 5C Flashcards
What are neurological disorders?
Neurological disorders are diseases that happen when the nervous system is damaged or not working properly.
What do neurological disorders affect?
They affect the nervous system and make it harder for it to do its job.
What happens in Parkinson’s disease?
Neurodegeneration occurs in the part of the brain that produces dopamine, affecting movement and the experience of pleasure and pain.
What type of disease is Parkinson’s?
Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that causes the loss of neurons in the brain.
What are the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?
Tremors
Reduced motor control
Muscle stiffness
Problems with cognition
Fatigue
Depression and anxiety
What is epileptogenesis?
Epileptogenesis is a process where structural and functional changes in the brain create an environment that supports seizures.
What is epilepsy?
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder linked to abnormal electrical activity in the brain and is characterized by recurrent seizures.
What are seizures?
Seizures are brief episodes of uncontrolled and unrestricted electrical discharging of neurons in the brain.
How have technological developments helped researchers study neurological disorders?
They have allowed researchers to use new methods, such as machine learning.
What is machine learning?
Machine learning is a part of artificial intelligence that helps software improve at predicting outcomes by mimicking the way humans learn.
What are the symptoms of epilepsy?
Recurrent and unprovoked seizures
Involuntary shaking
Loss of consciousness
Loss of awareness
An aura (sensory disturbance)
What is supervised learning?
Supervised learning uses labeled data to train algorithms to classify data or predict outcomes.
How does supervised learning work?
An algorithm is given labeled data, such as images of typical and Parkinson’s-affected brains, so it can learn to detect differences without human input.
What is unsupervised learning?
Unsupervised learning uses an algorithm to find patterns or trends in unlabeled data that have not yet been discovered.
How is supervised learning used in neurology?
It helps diagnose neurological disorders more efficiently and accurately and can also detect the stage of a disorder.
How can unsupervised learning be used in epilepsy research?
It can analyze demographic data of epilepsy patients to find trends and identify groups more susceptible to the disease.
How is unsupervised learning used in neurology?
It is used to analyze the demographics of individuals with neurological disorders and identify overlooked biological markers.
What is the gut-brain axis?
The gut-brain axis is the bidirectional connection between the gut and the brain through multiple parts of the nervous system.
How do the gut and brain interact?
They communicate and influence each other through complex mechanisms.
How does the brain affect the gut?
The brain influences gut function based on psychological and physical stressors.
How does the gut affect the brain?
The gut can cause neurochemical and behavioral changes in the brain.
What is gut microbiota?
Gut microbiota refers to the bacteria, fungi, and viruses in the gut.
How might Parkinson’s disease begin?
Studies suggest that Parkinson’s may begin in the gut and then move to the brain.
What is one of the first symptoms of Parkinson’s in mice?
Constipation and reduced digestive function.
How common is constipation in Parkinson’s patients?
Constipation occurs in 50% of patients and is often the first symptom in the development of Parkinson’s disease.
How does the gut microbiota relate to Parkinson’s disease?
Research shows that individuals with Parkinson’s have decreased levels of specific gut bacteria that help prevent neurodegeneration.
What happens when mice receive an FMT transplant from a Parkinson’s patient?
Mice displayed more motor symptoms associated with Parkinson’s disease compared to those who received a transplant from a control patient.
How does gut microbiota affect epilepsy?
Gut microbiota has a profound impact on the severity of epilepsy symptoms.
How are probiotics related to epilepsy treatment?
Studies show that providing probiotics to epilepsy patients is associated with a 50% decrease in seizure frequency.
How does the gut microbiota of people with epilepsy compare to those without it?
The gut microbiota of individuals with epilepsy is distinctly different from those without epilepsy.
What is the ketogenic diet used for in epilepsy treatment?
The ketogenic diet is used to treat epilepsy in children and is high in protein and fat with little to no carbohydrates.
What does newer research suggest about probiotic and antibiotic treatments for epilepsy?
Newer research suggests that probiotic and antibiotic treatments for epilepsy may be as beneficial as traditional drug treatments.
